Sangyō Gisho
The Sangyō Gisho is the title of three annotated commentaries on important Buddhist sutras: Hokke Gisho, Shōmangyō Gisho, and Yuimagyō Gisho.
''Hokke Gisho''
Image:Lotus Sutra written by [Prince Shōtoku.jpg|right|thumb|A page of the Hokke Gisho]An annotated commentary on the Lotus Sutra; four volumes in length. It is based on the annotated text Fa Hua Yi Ji by Liang dynasty monk Fayun. Approximately 70% of the contents are identical.
According to tradition, the Hokke Gisho was composed in 615 AD and is the oldest Japanese text, highly venerated among Tendai scholars but never shared to the public. Legend indicates that the manuscript was discovered by the Buddhist monk Gyōshin, who erected the Hōryū-ji Tō-in Temple where the manuscript was kept for many centuries until 1878, when it was finally presented to the Emperor Meiji as an offertory gift.
''Shōmangyō Gisho''
An annotated commentary on the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra; one volume in length. In the late 1960s, it was discovered that about 80% of this text was copied from a Liang dynasty commentary by the monk Min, which was recovered from the Dunhuang manuscripts. Traditionally said to have been completed in 611.Yuimagyō Gisho
An annotated commentary on the Vimalakirti Sutra; three volumes in length. It is based on annotated texts of the Liang dynasty priest Zhizang. Traditionally said to have been completed in 613.Issues of authorship
Only the Hokke Gisho remains in original manuscript form, while the Shōmangyō Gisho and Yuimagyō Gisho exist only from later copies. The Hokke Gisho contains a colophon stating, "This book belongs to the private collection of King Jōgū and is not from overseas." However, the brush style is different from the main text and is believed to have been later added by the priest Gyōshin. The Shōmangyō Gisho and Yuimagyō Gisho have no colophon and no authorship information. All three texts have been attributed to the semi-mythological Prince Shōtoku. However, current scholarly consensus disputes this and the actual authorship of the texts are unknown.The Nihon Shoki records that in 606, Prince Shōtoku taught the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra and the Lotus Sutra, hence the belief that he authored all three.
The oldest text to attribute the Sangyōsho to Shōtoku Taishi is the 747 Hōryūji Garan Engi Narabini Ruki Shizaichō. In addition, sutra records found in the Shōsōin documents credit King Kamitsumiya, one of Shōtoku Taishi's titles, for the annotated Lotus and Srimala sutras.
While historical records attribute these works to Shōtoku Taishi, a number of issues and problems have been pointed out.
- The oldest records are all more than a hundred years after the death of Shōtoku Taishi, so they are rendered by some scholars as unreliable.
- Religious professor Inoue Mitsusada of the University of Tokyo says that many texts originally attributed to rulers were actually written by groups of scholars and suggests that this is the case here as well. However, the manuscript of Hokke Gisho uses a number of personal pronouns that contrasts this argument.
- Calligrapher Nishikawa Yasushi studied the glyph forms used in the original with those in China and concludes that Hokke Gisho is a work corresponding to the Sui dynasty. Inoue builds on this suggesting that it is a work of Japan's Asuka period.
- Based on Chinese texts brought to Japan that Prince Shōtoku used as a basis for composition.
- Korean priests visiting Japan wrote it under Prince Shōtoku's instructions.
- Produced in China or Korea and authorship was transferred to Prince Shōtoku when it arrived in Japan.
- A later work.