Xukuru language
Xukuru is a poorly attested extinct language of Brazil. It is known only from a few word lists and a sketch by Geraldo Lapenda.
It was originally spoken in the Serra de São José and on the Meio River, Capibaribe River and Taperoa River in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. Loukotka reports the most recent locations as the Serra Ararobá and Cimbres.
Classification
Loukotka considers Xukurú to form a small family with Paratió and Garanhus. Glottolog, following Fabre, treats Xukuru and Paratió as dialects.Distribution
reported that the Xukuru people can be found primarily in the settlements of Canabrava and Brejinho in the aldeia of Cimbres, Pesqueira municipality. They can also be found in the settlements of Cajueiro, Ipanema Velho, Caldeirão, Jitó, Lagoa, Machado, Sitio do Meio, Riacho dos Afetos, Trincheiras, Bem-te-vi, Santana, and São José. Although the Xukuru traditionally occupied the Serra do Ororobá, they could also be found in other municipalities of Pernambuco, namely Caruaru, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Belo Jardim, Sanharó, Poção, Pesqueira, and Arcoverde.Other languages with this name
Xukuru-Kariri is a variety of Xokó, which may be a Kariri language. The name Kiriri is shared by Dzubukuá, another Kariri language, and by Katembri. The name Kiriri-Xoko is shared with yet another variety of Xokó.Phonology
Consonants
Xukuru consonants:Vowels
Xukuru vowels:Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn.
Morphology
Common suffixes in Xukuru include -go, which forms verbs, adjectives, and nouns, and -men, of uncertain meaning.Vocabulary
Pompeu (1958)
Xucurú vocabulary from Pompeu, cited from Kurt Nimuendajú:These word lists of language varieties from the Serra do Urubá are reproduced from Pompeu Sobrinho.
Vocabulary collected by José Joaquim in Rio Branco, Pernambuco of a language spoken in the Serra do Urubá:
Meader (1978)
Xukuru is also known from a word list elicited in 1961 by Paul Wagner from Antônio Caetano do Nascimento, the chief of Brazinho village in the Serra Urubu of Pesqueira, Pernambuco State. The list is reproduced below, with English translations also given.| Portuguese gloss | English gloss | Xukuru |
| água | water | křikišε |
| arco | bow | fřεša |
| azul | blue | ιniyε |
| bebo | I drink | taiyε̨ |
| fazer beber | to drink | uřιnka/o |
| boca | mouth | opigomə̨ |
| branco | white | piřaːša |
| carne de boi | beef | iːša de mařiñu |
| carne de porco | pork | iːša de pʰužu |
| casa | home | šεkI / šεkʰ |
| está chovendo | it is raining | křišišε |
| cobra | snake | katə̨go / šabatə̨na / sązařa |
| comer | eat | křιŋgɔ |
| corda | rope | kəšta |
| correr | run | mutəgo |
| dia | day | 'aːdamε |
| dormir | to sleep | muřiša |
| flecha | arrow | bεštə |
| fogo | fire | kiya |
| fumo | smoke | mažε |
| fumando | smoking | ε/ιštə̨ŋgu |
| joelho | knee | žəže |
| lua | moon | kιlaRmɔ |
| machado | axe | takɔ de supapʰo |
| mãe | mother | tšiɔkɔ |
| mandioca | cassava | iːəmu |
| farinha de mandioca | cassava flour | įəmu |
| matar | kill | kopago/u |
| menino | boy | ambεkO / křipʰu/i |
| milho | corn | šιgu / šiːgřu / siːgu |
| morto | dead | kupʰu |
| mulher / moça | woman / girl | ɔkřιpi / tšɔkɔ |
| nariz | nose | šikřį |
| noite | night | batukį |
| noite clara | clear night | kilařižmąų / kιlařižmąų |
| noite sem luar | moonless night | batřokį / batokį |
| nuvem | cloud | nǫmbřu |
| olho | eye | aloži / lə̨že/ε |
| pai | dad | taiɔpʰu |
| panela de barro | clay pot | mɔiː |
| pau | stick | křə̨ži |
| pé | foot | poiya |
| pés-de-bode | goat feet | poia de mε̨mε̨ŋgo |
| pedra | stone | kařašiši / kašiši / kebřə |
| pequeno | small | křeɔ |
| perna fina | thin leg | žatiři |
| pessoa ruim | bad person | taːnañago |
| piolho | louse | kuša |
| preta | black woman | takažu křεga |
| preto | black man | takažu pu |
| sangue | blood | bǫdąso |
| sol | sun | aːdɔmε |
| terra | earth | lιmulagu |
| velho | old | iakɔ / taiəpu / přɔ |
| vem cá | come here | iąkɔ / iə̨nkɔ |
| verde | green | piřaša / takaιnyε |
| abóbora | pumpkin | porou |
| até logo | see you later | ambeřa |
| banana | banana | pakɔvɔ |
| beiju | beiju | šɔšɔgu |
| bicho-de-pé | chigoe flea | bušu / bušudu |
| bode | goat | mε̨mε̨ŋgo |
| boi | ox | mařį |
| bolsa | handbag | aiyɔ |
| bom-dia | good morning | břεmε̨/æ̨ |
| brasa | ember | toe |
| brigar | fight | ařago |
| cabaça | gourd | kuřekɔ/a |
| caboclo | caboclo | taispu/U |
| caboclo velho | old caboclo | přɔ / sanumpI/i |
| cachaça | cachaça | uřiːka žɔgu |
| cachimbo | smoking pipe | šaduřε |
| café | coffee | fǫfǫ |
| cágado | tortoise | šabutε |
| cansado | tired | nanəgu |
| carneiro | ram | labudu |
| cavalo | horse | pitšιŋgə |
| chapéu | hat | křeakřugu |
| chefe | chief | přə |
| chorando | crying | šualya |
| cintura | waist | hododoːgu |
| dar na cabeça | give in the head | kupago |
| dinheiro | money | εntaiu |
| doce | sweet | kažuřə |
| duas horas da tarde | two o'clock in the afternoon | ŋgutimæ |
| escuro | dark | bətukį / batyukį |
| espingarda | shotgun | kašuvemini / nazařinə |
| espírito | spirit | kopʰu ařaga |
| fava | fava bean | kuřikə |
| feijão | bean | saka |
| fica quieto | stay quiet | naiyεtigořε / naiyε biago |
| fome | hungry | šuřakI/i |
| fósforo | match | křiya |
| galinha | chicken | tapuka |
| gato | cat | žetona |
| gato do mato / leão | wildcat / lion | tə̨tə̨ŋgu / tątągu |
| homem mal feito | ugly man | křugu/i |
| ladrão | thief | šikřεgugu |
| lagartinha | small caterpillar | kuřišiba |
| lenha | firewood | křə̨ži |
| língua dos Xukurus | Xukuru language | břɔbɔ |
| maça | cudgel | kuřikɔ |
| madeira | wood | křə̨ž |
| mentira | a lie | uːegwe |
| mulata | mulatto | křεšuagu |
| nome da tribo | Xukuru tribe | šukuřuiz |
| Nossa Senhora | Our Lady | təməį |
| Nosso Senhor | Our Lord | tupə̨ |
| onça / rato | jaguar / rat | pipʰiu |
| padre | father | pažε |
| panela / jarro | pot / pitcher | mə̨yį |
| patim | small patio | iːə̨kə̨ |
| pato | duck | tapukə |
| peba | drink | šabutε / šababutε |
| peru | turkey | papιsaka / isaka |
| ponta de boi | point of ox | kakřiə̨kʰɔ |
| porco | pig | pužu |
| prato de barro | clay plate | šεtkibųgu |
| preá | Brazilian guinea pig | bεŋo / bεŋgo |
| prender | catch | abřeřa |
| com raiva | angry | mařau |
| rapadura | rapadura | kařuža |
| rede | net | tipʰoia |
| roubar | steal | ařagu / šιkřugu / šikřεgu |
| roupa | clothing | takʰɔ |
| roupa rasgada | rags, ripped clothing | takə ařagu |
| saia | skirt | tinəŋgɔ |
| sapato | shoe | šaba |
| sapo | toad | sařapə |
| sede | thirst | sεři |
| soldado | soldier | ařεdæři / kəmakwį |
| titica | useless | ižari / šapřuiz |
| titica grande | very useless | žaři |
| trovão | thunder | təkəmařu / takəmařau |
| urinar | urinate | žιgu |
| urubu | vulture | gřaːsia |
| vai dar de corpo | will give body | šιkumə |
| viagem | travel | ųbřeːřa / muntəgu |