Wetʼsuwetʼen

The Wetʼsuwetʼen are a First Nation who live on the Bulkley River and around Burns Lake, Broman Lake, and François Lake in the northwestern Central Interior of British Columbia.
The Wetʼsuwetʼen are a branch of the Dakelh or Carrier people, and in combination with the Babine people have been referred to as the Western Carrier. They speak Witsuwitʼen, a dialect of the Babine-Witsuwitʼen language which, like its sister language Carrier, is a member of the Athabaskan family.
Their oral history, called kungax, recounts that their ancestral village, Dizkle or Dzilke, once stood upstream from the Bulkley Canyon. This cluster of cedar houses on both sides of the river is said to have been abandoned because of an omen of impending disaster. The exact location of the village has been lost. The neighbouring Gitxsan people of the Hazelton area have a similar tale, though the village in their version is named Dimlahamid.

Name

The word Wetʼsuwetʼen is spelled in numerous ways. Witsuwitʼen is the correct spelling in the writing system in general use. In non-technical publications, it is usually misspelled as Witsʼuwitʼen, Witʼsuwitʼen, Wetsʼuwetʼen, or Wetʼsuwetʼen due to the difficulty of distinguishing ejective from plain . Official spellings with are used in the names of the Wetʼsuwetʼen First Nation and the Office of the Wetʼsuwetʼen. In point of fact the is not ejective. Older spellings include Hotsotʼen and Hwotsotʼen. Whutsowhutʼen is the Carrier name in the Carrier Linguistic Committee writing system in general use for that language.
The endonym Wetʼsuwetʼen means "People of the Wa Dzun Kwuh River ".

Clans

In the traditional Wetʼsuwetʼen governance system, there are five clans, which are further subdivided into 13 house groups. Each house group is led by a single house chief, and also includes several sub-chiefs. Hereditary chief names are usually passed on to a successor chosen by the incumbent name holder, more often than not through family lines. Clan membership is Matrilineal, passed from mother to children. In Witsuwit'en, male hereditary chiefs are referred to as dinï zeʼ, and female hereditary chiefs are referred to as tsʼakë zeʼ.
The house groups and house chiefs of each of the five clans, as well as the English names of the current house chiefs, can be found in the chart below.

House group	Translation	House chief name	Incumbent
Yex Tʼsa Witʼantʼ	Thin House	Goohlaht	vacant
Yex Tʼsa Wilkʼus	Dark House	Knedebeas	Warner William
Kayex	Birchbark House	Samooh	Herb Naziel

House group	Translation	House chief name	Incumbent
Kwen Beegh Yex	House Beside the Fire	Wah Tah Kwets	vacant
Gʼen Egh La Yex	House of Many Eyes	Hagwilnegh	Ron Mitchell
Tsee Kʼal Kʼe Yex	House on a Flat Rock	Wah Tah Kʼeght	vacant

House group	Translation	House chief name	Incumbent
Djakanyex	Beaver House	Kweese	vacant
Tsa Kʼen Yex	Rafters on Beaver House	Naʼmoks	John Ridsdale

House group	Translation	House chief name	Incumbent
Medzeyex	Owl House	Kloum Khun	Alphonse Gagnon
Tsalyex	Sun House	Smogelgem	Warner Naziel

House group	Translation	House chief name	Incumbent
Cassyex	Grizzly House	Woos	Frank Alec
Kalyexwenits	House in the Middle of Many	Gisdayʼwa	Fred Tom
Anaskasi	Where it Lies Blocking the Trail	Madeek	Sherri Green

*Unist'ot'en Camp Group is affiliated with the Yex T'sa Wilk'us under the Gilseyhu Clan.

Wetʼsuwetʼen First Nation bands

History

In 1960, the Decker Lake, François Lake, Maxim Lake and Skin Tyee Bands merged to form the Omineca Band. In 1984, the Omineca Band divided into the Nee-Tahi-Buhn and Browman Lake Bands, the latter of which later became Wetʼsuwetʼen First Nation. In 2000, the Skin Tyee Band separated from the Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band.

Contemporary First Nation bands

The following two First Nations are members of the Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council:

Wetʼsuwetʼen First Nation - also known as Browman Lake, formerly as Browman Indian Lake Band, located outside of Burns Lake, British Columbia.
Ts'il Kaz Koh First Nation - also known as Burns Lake, located around Burns Lake, British Columbia.

The following four First Nations are not affiliated with any tribal council:

Hagwilget Village First Nation - located in the village of Hagwilget, also known as Tse-kya, on the east side of the Bulkley Canyon, near Hazelton, British Columbia, about 325 kilometres inland from the coast.
Nee-Tahi-Buhn Band - formerly called François Lake Tribe. Nee-Tahi-Buhn is the Babine-Witsuwitʼen name for François Lake, and means "it fills at one end and empties at the other".
Skin Tyee First Nation - also known as the Skin Tyee Indian Band, also spelled "Skin Tayi", located near François Lake, in the Omineca Country to the west of the City of Prince George, British Columbia.
Witset First Nation - also known as Moricetown Band, located in Witset, British Columbia.
Office of the Wetʼsuwetʼen

The Office of the Hereditary Chiefs of the Wetʼsuwetʼen, also known as the Office of the Wetʼsuwetʼen or the OW, is a political organization governed by the hereditary chiefs of the Wetʼsuwetʼen people, based in Smithers, British Columbia. The Office takes part in the BC Treaty Process through the two Indian Act band governments which contain the 13 hereditary chieftaincies. The Office is not a tribal council, nor a traditional governing body, but rather a non-profit society, directed by a Board of Directors, with the goal of being a central office of the Wetʼsuwetʼen Nation. It was founded as an independent office in 1994, after the splitting of the Gitxsan-Wet’suwet’en Tribal Council, which had represented the two nations during Delgamuukw v British Columbia.
As of April 2020, the Board of Directors was composed of seven house chiefs.
As of 2009, the organization was at stage four of the BC Treaty Process.
On May 14, 2020, the governments of Canada and British Columbia signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the hereditary chiefs of the Wet’suwet’en, in which the Canadian and B.C. governments "recognize that Wet’suwet’en rights and title are held by Wet’suwet’en houses under their system of governance". Following concerns by leaders of the band councils, the hereditary chiefs clarified that the Office of the Wetʼsuwetʼen is not a governing body, and that the authority of the band councils under the MOU would not be diminished.

In culture

Yintah 2024 documentary film showing resistance by the Wetʼsuwetʼen Nation to a pipeline being built through their traditional territory