Werner Elert
Werner August Friedrich Immanuel Elert was a German Lutheran theologian and professor of both church history and systematic theology at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. His writings in the fields of Christian dogmatics, ethics, and history have had great influence on modern Christianity in general and modern Lutheranism in particular.
Biography
Elert was born on 19 August 1885 in the town of Heldrungen in the Prussian Province of Saxony, but he grew up in northern Germany. The Elert family had originally come from Rarfin in Pomerania, near Kolberg on the Baltic Sea. They belonged to the "Old Lutherans" who had rejected the 1817 Prussian Union of Churches. Elert's parents were August Elert and Friederike, née Graf, Elert. After attending the Realgymnasium in Harburg and the Gymnasium in Husum, he studied theology, philosophy, history, German literature, psychology and law in Breslau, Erlangen, and Leipzig. He earned doctorates in philosophy and theology at Erlangen.After working as a tutor for a short time in Livonia, he served as a pastor from 1912 to 1919 in Seefeld, Pomerania. During World War I he served as a military chaplain on several fronts.
In 1919 Elert became director of the Old-Lutheran Theological Seminary in Breslau. In 1923 he was appointed to the chair of church history at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen. With the death of Philip Bachman in 1932, he was appointed to the chair of systematic theology. In the academic year 1926/27 he was elected rector of the university, and in 1928–29 and 1935–43 he served as the dean of the theological faculty. Throughout his years in Erlangen, he was active in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria. Elert frequently participated in ecumenical meetings, including the first World Lutheran Conference and the Second Assembly of the Lutheran World Federation in 1952. In 1927 he gave a major address at the Lausanne Conference, the first meeting of the "Faith and Order" ecumenical movement.
Elert retired in 1953. He died in Erlangen on 21 November 1954 in his 70th year, due to complications from stomach cancer.
In 1912 Elert married Annemarie, who was the daughter of church official Georg Froböss. They had three children: two sons, both of whom died on the Eastern front in World War II, and one daughter, who later married a Lutheran pastor. The Elert house in Erlangen is now a study center for theology students that is owned by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria.
Theological Work
Elert's scholarly life can be divided into five periods. In the first of these periods, he devoted himself to the philosophy of history and to a defense of the Christian faith vis-a-vis modern philosophy and theology. In the second period, he worked on a two-volume study of Lutheranism. The third period, which coincided with the regime of Adolf Hitler, was devoted to issues in dogmatics and matters of church and state. The fourth period was marked by his study of Lutheran ethics. In the final period of his life, he worked on issues in the history of Christian dogma, particularly relating to Eastern Orthodox christology and eucharistic fellowship.His first major work, Der Kampf um das Christentum , published in 1921, offers a critique of the synthesis that developed in the nineteenth century between liberal Protestant theology and modern German "culture". As such, the book provides a critical perspective on these thinkers as well as many others. In Elert's view, modern theology must return to an independent position that maintains its critical distance from all influences that are foreign to the biblical witness to Jesus Christ. Elert was convinced that modern Western culture is in a state of decline and stands under the judgment of God. The final outcome of any attempt to maintain a synthesis between Christian theology and modern culture "would be the death of the former." "Only when Christianity becomes entirely separate again for a moment, i.e., entirely free from the present 'culture,' will it demonstrate its power for producing a new thing, something it has done more than once in its history." Christian theology will only flourish when it maintains its "diastasis" from modernity. If Christianity is not disentangled "from a decaying culture," it will be "dragged down into the whirlpool." Following earlier theologians in the Erlangen tradition, Elert stressed the importance of understanding the connection between the historic biblical witness to Christ and the immediacy and "certainty" of the individual Christian's faith in God through the gospel.
Elert's call for the "diastasis" of Christianity from modern thought also impacted some of his later writings. For example, in his Morphologie des Luthertums , he presupposed a confessional "dynamism" of Lutheranism, "which, as a basic structural fact, is given to the historical changes themselves.” In his final, unfinished work on the christology of Theodore of Pharan, Elert highlighted the relationship between the dogma of the ancient church and the biblical image of Christ in order to show, contrary to the thesis of Adolph von Harnack, that Christian dogma is not the foreign intrusion of Greek metaphysics into the original gospel, but rather it is a necessary "given," grounded in the gospel and liturgical witness to Christ.
The second period of Elert's scholarly work began with the research and writing of a brief outline of Lutheran teaching. Two years after the publication of the first edition, this little exercise in Lutheran systematic theology was revised and expanded. Part One of the book describes the human experience of freedom and fate , in which the latter concept refers to "the product of all the factors which shape our lives, other than the will to be free". Here, Elert stresses the fundamental opposition between God and humanity, which is experienced by human beings as a limitation to their knowledge, as an awareness of their moral failure before God, and the fear of death. This first part of the book ends by summarizing biblical teaching about the law of God, the hidden God, and God's wrath against sin. Part Two sets forth the Christian teaching of the good news about Jesus Christ, the redeemer. While the law of God is experienced by all human beings, even apart from the Christian message, the gospel is received by hearing the biblical promise of God's forgiveness in Christ and by trusting it in faith. Part Three offers a brief description of Lutheran ethics, in which the forgiven sinner lives out his or her "new life in Christ" in responsible freedom within the various "orders" in creation.
Elert's most important and influential work was also produced in this period: his two-volume, 1000-page study of "the structure of Lutheranism." The first volume presents a historical trajectory of key Lutheran teachings, the central one of which is the proper distinction between law and gospel. Elert called this central theme the "evangelischer Ansatz," the "gospel point of departure" or the "gospel entry point." He also called it "the confessional constant," which he found to be "effective" through all the historical changes of Lutheranism, a constant "that is operative beyond individual connections and, as a dominant force, either determines or helps determine the outcome." As he traced this historical dynamic, he judged that the "evangelischer Ansatz" had been strongest in Luther's theology, was properly developed in the Augsburg Confession and its Apology, was partly strengthened and partly weakened in the writings of Philip Melanchthon, was partly renewed and partly distorted in Formula of Concord, and was significantly distorted in the periods of Lutheran Orthodoxy, Pietism, and Rationalism. The second volume follows the same historical trajectory from the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century, but this time Elert focuses on the social teachings and social consequences of Lutheranism.
During the 1930s, Elert worked on developing the principles for a contemporary-Lutheran, systematic summary of Christian teaching. This work, which began with his assumption of the chair in systematic theology at Erlangen in 1932, culminated in the publication of his 700-page Der christliche Glaube in 1940. His colleague, Paul Althaus, deemed this book "the first great contradiction... against the theology of Karl Barth from the Lutheran side." The purpose of dogmatics, according to Elert, is to find within the normative content of biblical proclamation that point at which it "confronts contemporary human beings most immediately with the reality of its subject matter," and to ward off misunderstandings. The distinction between law and gospel is the organizing principle of the work as a whole. This principle was the decisive issue in Elert's criticism of Barth's theology and the Barmen Declaration. In Elert's view, the latter lacks a proper understanding of the revelation of God's law. Whereas the Barmen Declaration states that "Jesus Christ... is the one Word of God whom we must hear and to whom we must give trust and obedience in life and in death," Elert stressed that God always addresses every human being in two words, law and gospel, and that these two words are qualitatively different from each other. Over against Barth's essay, "Gospel and Law," Elert argued that we must first understand that we stand under God's law before we can hear and trust the gospel aright, yet nowhere "in the Barmen theses is there a word about God's law. God's law is ignored—one can hardly express it otherwise."
In the year after Elert wrote his essay on "law and gospel," he published the last of his large books, Das christliche Ethos . This 595-page book, which is also guided by the real dialectic between law and gospel, describes "the ethos" under God's law and "the ethos" under God's grace. Each "ethos" results from the very different verdicts that God renders "under law" and "under grace." Thus, Christian ethics "must approach its subject" from these two differing verdicts of God.
In the final years of his life, Elert turned his attention to issues in the history of dogma, particularly in the areas of christology and eucharistic fellowship. Over against tendencies in the early church to understand christology in terms of the Neo-Platonic dualism of the finite and the infinite and of the concept of Christ as a political king, "Elert advocated turning from the dogma about Christ, and its controversies, to the portraiture of Christ found in the four Gospels."