Valerenic acid
Valerenic acid is a sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the valerian plant.
Valerian is used as a herbal sedative which may be helpful in the treatment of insomnia. Valerenic acid may be at least partly responsible for valerian's sedative effects, in addition to the other valerenic acids hydroxyvalerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid. Valerian supplements are often standardized to contain a particular amount of valerenic acid by weight.
Valerenic acid acts as a subtype-selective GABAA receptor [positive allosteric modulator|GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator] via a binding site in the transmembrane domain at the β+α− interface. At receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes it was shown that only assemblies incorporating β2 or β3 subunits were stimulated by valerenic acid. A study in mice demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution in the β3 subunit severely decreases the anxiolytic effect. Modulation of ion channel action was not significantly dependent on incorporation of α1, α2, α3 or α5 subunits.
At the 5-HT5A receptor valerenic acid acts as a partial agonist. This serotonin receptor subtype is distributed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a tiny brain region implicated in the sleep-wake cycle.
A study in 2006 found valerian extract as well as valerenic acid to inhibit NF-κB, a protein complex that controls the transcription of DNA, in HeLa cells. This was measured with the IL-6 / Luc assay as a measurement tool. The study mentioned that such inhibition may be connected to the reported anti-inflammatory action of the valerian plant.
A small study with six human subjects found that valerenic acid peaked in concentration after about an hour and had an average half-life of 1.1 ± 0.6 hours after oral ingestion of a commercially available valerian root supplement. A later study from the same lab done with sixteen older women found similar values.