Tok Pisin

Tok Pisin, often referred to by English speakers as New Guinea Pidgin or simply Pidgin, is an English creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an official language of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in the country. In parts of the southern provinces of Western, Gulf, Central, Oro, and Milne Bay, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history and is less universal, especially among older people.
Between five and six million people use Tok Pisin to some degree, though not all speak it fluently. Many now learn it as a first language, in particular the children of parents or grandparents who originally spoke different languages. Urban families in particular, and those of police and defence force members, often communicate among themselves in Tok Pisin, either never gaining fluency in a local language or learning a local language as a second language after Tok Pisin. Over the decades, Tok Pisin has increasingly overtaken Hiri Motu as the dominant lingua franca among town-dwellers. Perhaps one million people now use Tok Pisin as a primary language. Tok Pisin is slowly "crowding out" other languages of Papua New Guinea.

Name

Tok originates from English talk, but has a wider application, also meaning 'word, speech, language'. Pisin derives from the English word pidgin; the latter, in turn, may originate in the word business, due to the typical development and use of pidgins as inter-ethnic trade languages.
While Tok Pisin's name in the language is Tok Pisin, it is also called "New Guinea Pidgin" in English. Papua New Guinean anglophones often call Tok Pisin "Pidgin" when speaking English. This usage of "Pidgin" differs from the term pidgin as used in linguistics. In spite of its name, Tok Pisin is not a pidgin in the latter sense, because it has become a first language for many people. As such, it is considered a creole in linguistic terminology.

Classification

The Tok Pisin language is a result of Pacific Islanders intermixing. When colonial authorities forced people speaking numerous different languages to work on plantations in Queensland and various islands during blackbirding, the labourers began to develop a pidgin drawing vocabulary primarily from English, but also from German, Malay, Portuguese, and their own Austronesian languages.
This English-based pidgin evolved into Tok Pisin in German New Guinea, which became a widely used lingua franca between colonial authorities and the indigenous population. Tok Pisin and the closely related Bislama in Vanuatu and Pijin in the Solomon Islands, which developed in parallel, have traditionally been treated as varieties of a single Melanesian Pidgin English or "Neo-Melanesian" language. The flourishing of the mainly English-based Tok Pisin in German New Guinea contrasts with Hiri Motu, the lingua franca of Papua, which derived not from English but from Motu, the language of the indigenous people of the Port Moresby area.
Tok Pisin phonology and grammar strongly resembles Bislama and Pijin, but contrasts in several ways. The genitive preposition, derived from English belong, is bilong in Tok Pisin, but blong in Bislama and Pijin. Similarly, the adjectival ending derived from English fellow is -pela in Tok Pisin, but -fala in Bislama and Pijin. Certain phonological changes also occurred differently between Tok Pisin and Bislama.

Phonological Feature	Tok Pisin	Bislama	English origin
Final devoicing	pik	pig	pig, pork
Reflex of English /æ/	kensa	kansa	cancer
Reflex of English /t͡ʃ/	sia	jea	chair

Official status

Along with English and Hiri Motu, Tok Pisin is one of Papua New Guinea's three official languages. It is frequently the language of debate in the national parliament. Most government documents are produced in English, but public information campaigns are often partially or entirely in Tok Pisin. While English is the main language in the education system, some schools use Tok Pisin in the first three years of elementary education to promote early literacy.

Regional variations

There are considerable variations in vocabulary and grammar in various parts of Papua New Guinea, with distinct dialects in the New Guinea Highlands, the north coast of Papua New Guinea, and islands outside of New Guinea. For example, Pidgin speakers from Finschhafen speak rather quickly and often have difficulty making themselves understood elsewhere. The variant spoken on Bougainville and Buka is moderately distinct from that of New Ireland and East New Britain but is much closer to that than it is to the Pijin spoken in the rest of the Solomon Islands.
There are 4 sociolects of Tok Pisin:

Tok Bus or Tok Kanaka
Tok Bilong Asples, the traditional rural Tok Pisin
Tok Skul or Tok Bilong Taun, the urban Tok Pisin
Tok Masta (meaning "language of the masters", unsystematically simplified English with some Tok Pisin words
Orthography

Tok Pisin's current alphabet has 21 letters, five of which are vowels, and four digraphs. The letters are :
Three of the digraphs,,, and, denote diphthongs; the fourth,, is used for both and.
Prior to the creation of the current orthography by the colonial Department of Education in 1955 to increase literacy, colonial administrators spelled Tok Pisin etymologically, spelling each Tok Pisin word identically to its original spelling in the language that the word derived from. However, this spelling system did not have a standardized spelling of certain terms and often made incorrect assumptions about the etymology of certain words; older publications spelled Tok Pisin i as "he" when the word actually originates from English is or a term in an unknown Austronesian language.
For example, a 1953 article in an Australian newspaper quotes a Papua New Guinean man as saying:

Before, me fellow school long other fella mission, tasol imi hidim half talk, now Seven Day imi kamapim altogether talk. Me fellow please too much you go along house sick bilong Seven Day now kisim good fellow story now schoolim me fellow. Seven Day Mission something true.

In current Tok Pisin orthography, this paragraph would be spelled as:

Bipo, mipela skul long narapela misin, tasol i haitim hap tok, nau Sevin De i kamapim olgeta tok. Mipela plis tumas yu go long haus sik bilong Sevin De nau kisim gutpela stori nau skulim mipela. Sevin De Misin i samting tru.

"In the past, I belonged another church, but it hid parts of the truth; the Seventh Day Adventist church reveals the whole truth. We often go to the Seventh Day Adventist hospital to get good information. The Seventh Day Adventist church is the true church."

Phonology

Tok Pisin has a smaller number of phonemes than its lexifier language, English. It has around 24 core phonemes: 5 vowels and around 19 consonants. This varies with the local substrate languages and the speaker's level of education. More educated speakers, and/or those where the substrate language have larger phoneme inventories, may have as many as 10 distinct vowels.
Nasal plus plosive offsets lose the plosive element in Tok Pisin; e.g., English hand becomes Tok Pisin han. Furthermore, voiced plosives become voiceless at the ends of words, so that English pig is rendered as pik in Tok Pisin.

Consonants

Voiced plosives are pronounced by many speakers as prenasalized plosives.
,, and can be either dental or alveolar consonants, while is only alveolar.
In most Tok Pisin dialects, the phoneme is pronounced as the alveolar tap or flap,. There can be variation between and.
The labiodental fricatives may be marginal, with contrastive use present only in heavily Anglicized varieties. The use of vs. is variable. There is also variation between and in some words, such as faif/faiv 'five'.
Likewise, there may be marginal use of.
Vowels

Tok Pisin has five pure vowels:

Grammar

The verb has a suffix, -im to indicate transitivity. But some verbs, such as kaikai "eat", can be transitive without it. Tense is indicated by the separate words bai and bin . The present progressive tense is indicated by the word stap; e.g., Hem kaikai stap "He is eating".
The noun does not indicate number, though pronouns do.
Adjectives usually take the suffix -pela when modifying nouns; an exception is liklik "little". It is also found on numerals and determiners:
Pronouns show person, number, and clusivity. The paradigm varies depending on the local languages; dual number is common, while the trial is less so. The largest Tok Pisin pronoun inventory is:

	Singular	Dual	Trial	Plural
1st exclusive	mi < Eng. me	mitupela < Eng. *me two fellow	mitripela Eng. *me three fellow	mipela Eng. *me fellow
1st inclusive	–	yumitupela < Eng. *you me two fellow	yumitripela < Eng. *you me three fellow	yumipela or yumi < Eng. *you me fellow or *you me
2nd	yu < Eng. you	yutupela < Eng. *you two fellow	yutripela < Eng. *you three fellow	yupela < Eng. *you fellow
3rd	em < Eng. him	tupela < Eng. *two fellow	tripela < Eng. *three fellow	ol < Eng. all

Reduplication is very common in Tok Pisin. Sometimes it is used as a method of derivation; sometimes words just have it. Some words are distinguished only by reduplication: sip "ship", sipsip "sheep".
There are only two proper prepositions:

the genitive preposition bilong, which is equivalent to "of", "from" and some uses of "for": e.g. Ki bilong yu "your key"; Ol bilong Godons "They are from Gordon's".
the oblique preposition long, which is used for various other relations : e.g. Mipela i bin go long blekmaket. "We went to the black market".

Some phrases are used as prepositions, such as 'long namel ', "in the middle of".
Several of these features derive from the common grammatical norms of Austronesian languages, usually in a simplified form. Other features, such as word order, are closer to English.
Sentences with a 3rd-person subject often put the word i immediately before the verb. This may or may not be written separate from the verb, occasionally written as a prefix. Although the word is thought to be derived from "he" or "is", it is not itself a pronoun or a verb but a grammatical marker used in particular constructions, e.g., Kar i tambu long hia is "car forbidden here", i.e., "no parking".
The term pasin, derived from English fashion, serves as a nominalizer and collectivizer.

Base Term	Meaning of Base Term	Term with Pasin	Meaning of Term with Pasin
antap	on top	pasin antap	arrogance, haughtiness, pride
bikhet	big head	pasin bikhet	apostasy, delinquency, rebellion
birua	enemy	pasin birua	hate
resis	race	pasin resis	competition, rivalry
tumbuna	ancestor	pasin tumbuna	culture