Theobroma


Theobroma is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It was previously classified as a member of Sterculiaceae, which has been incorporated into Malvaceae to make it monophyletic. It contains 41 species of small understory trees native to the tropical forests of Central and South America.
The seeds of the cacao tree, the best known species of the genus, are used for making chocolate. Cupuaçu, mocambo and capacui are also of economic importance.

Taxonomy

It was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The lectotype Theobroma cacao was designated in 1929.

Etymology

The generic name is derived from the Greek words θεός theos meaning "god" and βρῶμα broma meaning "food" translating to "food of the gods".

Species

accepts 41 species:
ImageScientific nameDistribution
Theobroma albiflorum De Wild.Colombia and Venezuela
Theobroma angustifolium DC.Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panamá
Theobroma asperum K.Schum. ex C.J.J.Hallnorthern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
Theobroma balaense De Wild.Colombia and Ecuador
Theobroma bernoullii PittierPanama
Theobroma bicolor Bonpl. - mocamboBrazil North, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela
Theobroma breviligulatum Colli-SilvaColombia and Ecuador
Theobroma cacao L. - cacaoBrazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana,GL Guatemala,Guyana, Mexico, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela
Theobroma camargoanum Duckesoutheastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, and northwestern Brazil
Theobroma canumanense Pires & Fróes ex Cuatrec.Brazil
Theobroma cirmolinae Cuatrec.Colombia
Theobroma cuatrecasasianum Colli-SilvaColombia and Ecuador
Theobroma dugandii Colli-SilvaColombia and Ecuador
Theobroma flaviflorum Aguilar & D.Santam.Costa Rica
Theobroma gileri Cuatrec.Colombia and Ecuador
Theobroma glaucum H.Karst.Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Theobroma globosum Colli-Silvanorthern Brazil and Peru
Theobroma grandiflorum K.Schum. - cupuaçuBolivia, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
Theobroma guianense J.F.Gmel.Bolivia, northern and central Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela
Theobroma hylaeum Cuatrec.Colombia and Panamá
Theobroma kanukuense Colli-SilvaGuianas and northern Brazil
Theobroma kofanorum Colli-SilvaColombia and Ecuador
Theobroma laciniifolium De Wild.Colombia
Theobroma lemniscatum Colli-Silvanorthern Brazil, northeastern Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela
Theobroma mammosum Cuatrec. & J.LeónCosta Rica and Nicaragua
Theobroma mariae K.Schum.northern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Theobroma microcarpum Mart.Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela
Theobroma nemorale Cuatrec.Colombia
Theobroma nervosum Colli-SilvaColombia and Ecuador
Theobroma nycterodendron Colli-SilvaBolivia, northern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Theobroma obovatum Klotzsch ex BernoulliBolivia, northern Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela
Theobroma pulcherrimum De Wild.Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama
Theobroma purpureum PittierColombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panamá, and Venezuela
Theobroma schultesii Colli-SilvaColombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Theobroma simiarum Donn.Sm.Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panamá
Theobroma sinuosum Pav. ex HuberBrazil and Peru
Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. - cacauiBolivia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela
Theobroma sylvestre Aubl. ex Mart.Brazil
Theobroma tomentellum Colli-SilvaColombia
Theobroma umbraticum Colli-SilvaColombia
Theobroma velutinum BenoistBrazil, French Guiana, and Suriname

Formerly placed here

  • Abroma augustum L.f.
  • Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.

    Uses

Several species of Theobroma produce edible seeds, notably cacao, cupuaçu, and mocambo. Cacao is commercially valued as the source of cocoa and chocolate.
Theobroma species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus Endoclita, including E. chalybeatus, E. damor, E. hosei and E. sericeus. The larvae of another moth, Hypercompe muzina, feed exclusively on Theobroma cacao.
An active ingredient of cacao, theobromine, is named for the genus.