The Sofia
The Sofia is a condominium building at the corner of Columbus Avenue and 61st Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It was constructed from 1929 to 1930 and was designed by the firm of Jardine, Hill & Murdock in the Art Deco style for Kent Automatic Garages. The Sofia is 27 stories tall; the first nine stories above the ground level are used as offices, while the top 17 stories contain residential condominiums. The building is a New York City designated landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places.
The building originally functioned as a 1,000-spot garage, with a gas station at the corner of Columbus Avenue and 61st Street. The ground level contains multiple entrances, surrounded by multicolored pieces of terracotta. There was a vehicular entrance on Columbus Avenue and an exit on 61st Street. On the upper floors, the facade is made largely of orange brick, interspersed with bands of black brick, and there are several setbacks with terracotta parapets. The building contains an extremely strong steel superstructure inside. Originally, the building had large vehicular elevators, as well as electric trolleys on each floor, which automatically transported vehicles to parking spots. Since the 1980s, the building has contained 94 apartments, ranging from studio apartments to three-bedroom units.
Kent Automatic Garages bought the site from automobile company Packard in 1928, and the garage opened on July 30, 1930. Kent obtained various loans to finance the building's construction but lost the building to foreclosure within a year. The building was then acquired by the Central Savings Bank in 1936 and by the Sofia Brothers Warehousing Company in 1944. The Sofia family converted the building into a warehouse, though the structure also housed offices and studios. Aaron Green and Growth Realty Companies bought the building for $9.3 million in August 1983 and converted it into a residential and commercial condominium over the next year. College Board occupied the commercial portion of the building from the 1980s until 2015, when Fordham University acquired the commercial space.
Site
The Sofia is at the northeast corner of Columbus Avenue and 61st Street, two blocks northwest of Columbus Circle, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It has two addresses: 45 Columbus Avenue to the west and 43 West 61st Street to the south. The building occupies a rectangular land lot of, with a frontage of on Columbus Avenue and on 61st Street. The building originally surrounded a gas station at the corner of Columbus Avenue and 61st Street.The surrounding section of Columbus Avenue contains many residential buildings, including a 30-story apartment house directly north of the Sofia. The building is on the same block as Park Loggia to the east, and it faces the Fordham University School of Law to the west. In addition, the David H. Koch Theater of the Lincoln Center performing-arts complex is one block north.
Architecture
The Sofia was designed by Jardine, Hill & Murdock and was built for Kent Automatic Garages as a parking garage. The building was designed in the Art Deco style and is the only building that Jardine, Hill & Murdock is known to have designed in that style. It is also the only large Art Deco parking garage that is known to have been constructed in New York City. The modern structure is 27 stories high and contains both residences and offices. Historically, the building has been cited as having 24, 25, or 26 stories. The building's main roof is above ground level, while its pinnacle is high.Facade
Lower stories
The Sofia's main entrance, on the Columbus Avenue elevation of the facade, contains a two-story-high frame made of multicolored pieces of terracotta. The main entrance is extremely wide because, when the building was used as a garage, the main entrance was used as an entry ramp for vehicles. The modern-day entrance functions as a doorway to the offices inside the building. Immediately above the entryway are multicolored Art Deco chevrons and medallions, which are inspired by Aztec designs. The two-story frame on Columbus Avenue is flanked by black bands of brick. A similar band, decorated with chevrons, runs above the third floor.The 61st Street side also contained a wide exit ramp from the garage. There are also one- and two-story terracotta frames on 61st Street, which originally led to the offices but later led to the residences. From 1943 until the early 1980s, the south elevation also had a one-story annex.
Upper stories
On the upper stories, the facade is divided vertically into multiple bays and is composed of orange bricks. Each story is separated by horizontal courses of black bricks, which run directly below the lintels of the windows. The outer bays contained wide 12-paned metal sash windows, originally divided into a transom above and a hopper below. The three center bays contain smaller sash windows, separated vertically by slightly projecting piers. The Columbus Avenue elevation has setbacks with parapets at the 15th, 22nd, and 25th stories; there is also a parapet just below the roof. Each of the parapets is decorated with blue-and-white terracotta as well as cast stone ornament, which resemble the decoration above the main entrance. Above the 15th story, the windows on different stories are separated by spandrel panels with black horizontal or vertical bands. The three center bays are articulated with projecting vertical piers of brick, which end at terracotta parapets. The windows on the Columbus Avenue elevation were widened in the 1980s.The south elevation on 61st Street was originally a blank wall without windows. The original plans indicate that the south elevation was supposed to have setbacks complementing those on the northern elevation, but those setbacks were never built. Windows were added in the 1980s after the building was designated as a landmark. The 61st Street elevation contains horizontal bands, which are continuations of the bands on the Columbus Avenue elevation. The center of the wall contains a projecting pavilion, which formerly housed the garage's elevator shafts and is one bay deep. It is decorated with black geometric ornamentation. Adjacent to this pavilion, there were steel-and-concrete balconies on each story, connected by an emergency-exit stair tower.
The black bands of the facade wrap around to the east and north elevations. There are three window bays in the center of the east elevation. The north elevation has very few windows.
Interior
The steel superstructure was constructed by Post & McCord. Because it was originally used as a parking garage, the Sofia was built as a fireproof structure with an extremely strong frame. Originally, the building had 1,000 parking spaces. Drivers would leave their vehicles in front of a large elevator at the ground level, where an elevator operator would move the vehicle to a floor with an open parking space. There were three elevators, each of which could fit two cars; this was later expanded to four elevators. Once on that floor, the operator would then push a button to operate a conveyor belt with a small electric carriage. The carriage was then pushed beneath the vehicle and engaged with the rear axle. The New York Times estimated that cars could travel between ground level and the top floor in 90 seconds and that five cars could be delivered from the upper floors to the ground level every minute. Except for the elevator operator, there were no employees above the first floor, nor were any personnel allowed on the parking floors.When the Sofia was converted into a condominium, it was divided into 94 units, each covering between. There are 21 studio apartments, 30 one-bedroom apartments, 40 two-bedroom apartments, and 3 three-bedroom apartments. Ten of the apartments are duplexes, including two penthouse apartments that cover, respectively. Additionally, twenty apartments have outdoor terraces; the western penthouse has a terrace covering, while the eastern penthouse has a terrace covering. Kitchens and master bathrooms contain marble decoration, and the apartments also contain furnishings and wooden paneling in the Art Deco style. During the condo conversion, the Sofia's marketing specialist traveled to London to research interior designs of large apartment buildings. The specialist recommended including European-style tubs and fixtures in the bathrooms; as such, many of the bathrooms are larger than the master bedrooms.
History
During the late 19th century, the site of the Sofia was within San Juan Hill, a primarily Black neighborhood with many tenement houses, and the Ninth Avenue elevated railroad line ran nearby. The section of Ninth Avenue on the Upper West Side was renamed Columbus Avenue in an attempt to improve the neighborhood's reputation. In the 20th century, the surrounding area evolved into Manhattan's "Automobile Row", centered along a stretch of Broadway extending mainly between Times Square at 42nd Street and Sherman Square at 72nd Street. Automobile-related businesses and structures stretched as far west as West End/Eleventh Avenue. These included the Sofia, which adjoined a warehouse and showroom owned by the Packard Motor Company.Use as garage
In October 1928, Packard sold a plot measuring, at the northeast corner of 61st Street and Columbus Avenue, to Kent Automatic Garages. The site would contain the Kent company's second high-rise "automatic parking garage"; the first garage had been built on 43rd Street, near Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. Both garages had been devised by life-insurance salesman Milton A. Kent, who planned to build a chain of high-rise garages across the United States. The project received a $700,000 mortgage loan in February 1929, replacing a temporary loan on the site. Jardine, Murdock & Wright filed plans for the garage in July 1929, and Kent Columbus Circle Garage Inc. received a $900,000 mortgage loan for the garage's construction that October. The superstructure topped out during January 1930. The two mortgage loans for the project were consolidated into one loan of $800,000 that April.The 61st Street garage opened on July 30, 1930, when New York City Police Department officials attended a demonstration of the new technology. The Kent Company originally charged 50 cents for two hours of parking and 5 cents for every hour thereafter; the monthly fee was $30. The rates were higher than those offered by many of the company's competitors. Like the 43rd Street garage, the new 61st Street garage could accommodate 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles per day. In late 1930, Jardine, Murdock & Wright filed plans for a 15-story office structure adjacent to the garage, which would be connected to the garage's steel superstructure.
Kent Columbus Circle obtained a permanent mortgage loan in April 1931, but the firm had trouble making mortgage payments by that August. The next month, Kent announced plans to reorganize its businesses, and Fred T. Ley moved to foreclose on the 43rd and 61st Street garages. Ley took over the garages that November for about $1.6 million. The Columbus Realty Corporation, led by William Everdell, acquired the garage in October 1932. The next year, Fred W. Moe of the Ramp Buildings Corporation took over the garage's operation. Columbus Realty itself defaulted on its mortgage payments, and the Central Savings Bank foreclosed on the garage. In December 1936, the bank purchased the garage at a nominal price of $10,000. At the time, the garage was valued at $1.09 million.