Café Terminus attack
The Café Terminus 'attack' was a bomb attack carried out on 12 February 1894 by anarchist Émile Henry against the people gathered in the Café Terminus. Undertaken during the period known as the Ère des attentats, it was one of the first acts of modern and mass terrorism in history and is also known for Henry's statement at his trial, which is considered a foundational element of this form of terrorism.
Following the passing of the lois scélérates, the repression of January and February 1894, and the executions of Ravachol and Auguste Vaillant without a pardon from French President Sadi Carnot, the latter became a symbolic enemy of the entire anarchist movement. The anarchists viewed Carnot as primarily responsible for the persecutions they faced. In early 1894, while the repression was ongoing, Émile Henry was in Paris and witnessed it. He was possibly joined by a number of illegalists from the Ortiz gang, such as Léon Ortiz or Paolo Chiericotti. While it's not certain these people were involved, though possible, Henry crafted a bomb with which he intended to target Carnot.
On 12 February 1894, Henry attempted to go to the Élysée Palace, the residence of the French President, but couldn't get close. He then tried to "fall back" on the Opéra and the Hôtel de Ville, where Parisian aristocratic balls were underway, but he was unsuccessful in gaining entry. Determined to commit an attack, likely to impress the anarchist he loved, Élisa Gauthey, he assessed several Parisian restaurants before targeting the Café Terminus, where he threw his bomb around nine in the evening. Fleeing, he was quickly arrested, tried, and guillotined. Carnot was killed by Italian anarchist Sante Caserio a few months later.
At his trial, Henry claimed to have premeditated and theorized this form of terrorism, making him frequently considered one of the founders of modern terrorism. According to his argument, he "struck indiscriminately, without choosing victims" to retaliate against the state's similar actions toward anarchists. However, recent historians temper this view. They point out that his erratic and poorly planned movements make the idea of him premeditating mass terrorism unlikely, especially since he initially targeted Carnot and then aristocratic balls. These historians suggest that his desire to impress Gauthey was more likely the catalyst for this act of mass terrorism, rather than a well-thought-out premeditation rooted in anarchist ideology. He also amplified the violence of his statements to help his companions avoid legal prosecution.
While this specific form of mass terrorism wasn't replicated in subsequent anarchist propaganda of the deed actions—which generally pursued more traditional forms of tyrannicide —it has held a central place in modern terrorism, at least until the first half of the 21st century.
History
Context
In the 19th century, anarchism emerged and developed in Europe before spreading globally. Anarchists advocate for the struggle against all perceived forms of unjust domination, including economic domination arising from the development of capitalism. They are particularly opposed to the State, viewing it as the institution that sanctions many of these dominations through its police, army, and propaganda.In 1891-1892, after the Clichy affair—where police officers shot at and beat peacefully demonstrating anarchists, with the justice system acquitting the police and handing down heavy prison sentences to the victims—this unjust situation triggered what public opinion dubbed the Ère des attentats. During this period, anarchists like Ravachol sought revenge for the repression targeting them by attacking those presumed responsible. Ravachol was sentenced to death and executed after carrying out two bomb attacks targeting the magistrates responsible for the Clichy affair victims' trial. His conviction and execution deeply impacted anarchists, who came to see him as a martyr.
Émile Henry, a young man who embraced anarchism under the influence of his brother, Fortuné Henry, and already deeply involved in the movement, closely followed these events. Not long before, he had experienced a romantic setback while courting the anarchist militant Élisa Gauthey, who was already married. She rebuffed him but gave him a lock of her hair. They exchanged letters and developed a platonic relationship. However, one day, while Henry was in her presence and that of her husband, she kissed her husband in front of him, causing Henry to faint. When she came to wake him at his bedside, he declared his love, to which she responded with a laugh. Following this, he declared:
Yes, you treat me like a child. But you will know later how much I am attached to you.The two Henry brothers therefore closely observed the beginning of the Ère des attentats. They attempted to go to Montbrison, where Ravachol was to be guillotined, to try and save him by force. However, this action never materialized, possibly due to significant police protection around Ravachol. During the summer of 1892, they also witnessed the beginning of the Carmaux strike and the intervention of socialists who broke the strike, leading to workers returning to work poorer than before. Henry, very likely aided by other militants, made a bomb to target the company's headquarters. It was brought to the location, possibly by Adrienne Chailliey, and, according to police reports from the period, was placed to target the company director. The bomb, which exploded at the police station on Rue des Bons-Enfants, caused several police deaths.
Henry fled; his brother was arrested the same day for other reasons, and he learned of this arrest later. In refuge in London and Belgium, Henry associated with a number of individuals, including Léon Ortiz, Placide Schouppe, Louis Matha, Paolo Chiericotti, Alessandro Marocco, among others. With the illegalists of the Ortiz gang, he participated in burglaries in Northern France.
In December 1893, Auguste Vaillant carried out the attack on the National Assembly, targeting the center of French political power with a bomb not intended to kill, but designed to cause a large explosion that would force deputies to take concrete action to reduce povertys. Vaillant also claimed to have carried out this attack against French imperialism. He slightly injured a number of people but killed no one and, once arrested, was subjected to a summary trial. His arrest and the attack were used as pretexts by the French authorities to pass the first two lois scélérates —laws targeting the anarchist movement in France and significantly reducing individual and political freedoms under the guise of fighting terrorism. Armed with these new powers, the French government proceeded with a very significant repression targeting anarchists starting in January 1894.
Preparation
Meanwhile, as many anarchists were arrested without trial and raids followed one another, Henry returned to Paris. The main person responsible for the repression, French President Sadi Carnot, gradually became a prime target for anarchists. His refusal to pardon Vaillant, even though he had killed no one and his only daughter, Sidonie Vaillant, was left in destitution, caused widespread resentment among anarchists and a significant portion of Paris's working-class population.The people gravitating around the Ortiz gang, including Henry, who had returned, gradually settled in Paris after their exile. Ortiz, Henry, Chiericotti—all were back in Paris in early 1894, and avoided the repression, which only targeted anarchists whose addresses and identities the police knew—meaning, often, the least dangerous and least radical ones. On 18 January 1894, the police noticed Henry and that he supposedly had a "room in Ménilmontant transformed into a laboratory", but they failed to find his home. It is plausible that Henry, Ortiz, Chiericotti, and other anarchists from these circles then became involved in making explosives. According to Marocco's testimony, a month later, Henry had planned to settle in Paris to launch the attack—or even a series of attacks.
Furthermore, Louis Matha, a notable anarchist militant of the period and manager of l'Endehors, a close friend of Fortuné and Émile's "mentor" in the anarchist movement, traveled to Paris from London. He seemed aware of Henry's desire to commit the attack and 'pursued him' in anarchist circles in the Parisian region to meet him and very likely dissuade him. He found him on 11 February 1894, and the two discussed; Henry told Matha that his friendship bothered him and indicated that he wished to be left alone. However, the two agreed to meet the next day. According to Petit, it is plausible to consider that Matha acted as an emissary for Fortuné Henry—which explains why he tried to prevent Émile Henry from carrying out his attack.
Café Terminus attack
Instead of meeting Matha as planned, Henry remained inactive for a portion of the day. Later, with a bomb in his pocket, he began to make his way toward the Élysée Palace. His intention was to assassinate Sadi Carnot by throwing the bomb at him. However, upon reaching the Élysée, he found the area surrounded by a large security cordon that he couldn't breach.Displeased with his failed plan, Henry then moved through Paris, making his way to the Hôtel de Ville. He attempted to enter a ball attended by the Parisian aristocracy and bourgeoisie but was denied entry because he wasn't "properly dressed" and had no money. Henry left and found himself back on the street. He then continued to the Opéra, where a similar ball was underway, but after realizing all entrances were guarded, he reportedly exclaimed:
Ah, I would have made them dance in there!
At this precise moment, Henry's strategy appears to have shifted. As he moved toward the Gare Saint-Lazare, he began to evaluate a number of Parisian restaurants and cafes. He reportedly considered attacking the Bignon restaurant, the Café Américain, or the Café de la Paix, but he didn't deem the number of potential victims sufficient. This indicates that from this point forward, he wished to commit a mass attack, no longer necessarily targeting only the bourgeoisie or the president. According to historian Dominique Petit, it's interesting to note that Henry seemed driven by an imperative to commit his attack. It's plausible that if Henry wanted to carry out his attack at all costs, it was partly due to his hesitations, perhaps believing that after meeting Matha, he would no longer have the courage to do so.
Around 8:30 P.M., Henry entered the Café Terminus and settled in. He ordered a cigar and a beer and watched the Romani orchestra playing music in the center of the establishment. Around 9:15, having finished his drinks, he stood up without paying, walked towards the entrance, then turned back and threw his bomb into the middle of the cafe. It hit the chandelier and exploded, injuring a number of people, such as the rentier Pauline Kinsbourg, whose legs were bleeding. The drawer Ernest Borde and his friend Louis-Napoléon Van Herreweghen, who were conversing, were severely hit by the bomb that fell at their feet; Borde collapsed to the ground, gravely wounded, while pieces of lead lodged in Van Herreweghen's leg. In total, the explosion injured 17 people and killed one.