Youth suicide
Youth suicide is when a young person, generally categorized as someone below the legal age of majority, deliberately ends their own life. Rates of youth suicide and attempted youth suicide in Western societies and elsewhere are high. Female youth are more likely to attempt suicide than male youth but less likely to die from their attempt. In Australia, suicide is second only to motor vehicle accidents as its leading cause of death for adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 25.
In the United States, according to the National Institute of Mental Health, suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents between the ages of 10 and 14, and the third leading cause of death for those between 15 and 19. In 2021, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of ChiId and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the Children's Hospital Association released a joint statement announcing a mental health crisis among American youth. Emergency room visits for mental health issues have dramatically increased, especially since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mental health education in schools equips students with the knowledge and skills to recognise signs of distress and seek help.
Community support programs offer safe spaces for adolescents to express their emotions and receive professional support. Increased access to mental health resources, including hotlines and counseling services, ensures timely intervention and support for at-risk youths. These initiatives aim to address the underlying factors contributing to youth suicide and promote mental well-being among adolescents.
Suicide contagion
According to research conducted by the Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian in 2007, 39% of all young people who die by suicide have lost someone of influence / significance to them to suicide. The Commission terms this suicide contagion and makes several recommendations as to the importance of safeguarding young people and communities from suicide contagion. This phenomenon highlights the ripple effect of suicide within communities and its impact on vulnerable individuals. When a group of suicides happen around the same time, it is called, clustering. More than 13% of the suicides that happen in adolescents can be explained by clustering.In 2011 the Australian Federal Parliament Standing Committee for Health and Ageing Inquiry into Youth Suicide met in a round table forum with young representatives from three organizations at the forefront of preventing youth suicide. These organizations included Sunnykids, Inspire, and Boys Town. The Standing Committee has since released a discussion paper highlighting the findings of their inquiry and will seek to make final recommendations on the most effective means for reducing youth suicide.
Strategies for preventing suicide contagion encompass a range of approaches, from media guidelines to community interventions and support for bereaved individuals. Mental health professionals emphasize the importance of responsible media reporting to minimize sensationalization and the risk of contagion. Community-based interventions, such as peer support groups and mental health education programs, play a crucial role in promoting resilience and connectedness among vulnerable populations. Policymakers collaborate with experts to develop comprehensive strategies aimed at reducing the spread of suicidal behavior and supporting those affected by loss.
Teens at risk
One of the problems facing teenagers at risk of suicide is getting psychiatric counselling when it is needed. Research from 2020 shows that compared with older adolescents, younger adolescents particularly agree that increased cyberbullying and despair are very important factors influencing suicide among adolescents.Access to psychiatric counseling remains a critical issue for teenagers at risk of suicide. Research from early 2020 underscores the significance of cyberbullying and its impact on adolescent mental health. Younger adolescents, in particular, acknowledge the correlation between increased cyberbullying and feelings of despair, which are recognized as significant contributors to suicidal ideation among youths. To address these risk factors effectively, evidence-based interventions and strategies have been implemented. School-based mental health programs offer education and support to students, fostering resilience and coping skills to navigate challenges such as cyberbullying. Support groups provide a safe space for adolescents to share experiences and receive peer support, reducing feelings of isolation and promoting emotional well-being.
Suicide risk is higher in those experiencing forms of adversity, including food insecurity, which can often lead to stigma, social isolation, shame, sadness and family strain. Suicidal ideation, suicide planning and suicide attempts are also more prevalent in adolescents struggling with food insecurity than those who are food-secure. This is more common in countries where adolescent food insecurity is rare, potentially because it indicates a reduced standard of living and low social standing within that country.
Harassment is a leading cause of teen suicide, along with abuse. Gay teens or those unsure of their sexual identity are more likely to die by suicide, particularly if they have suffered bullying or harassment, as discussed next. The following campaigns have been started in hopes of giving teens hope and abolishing the feeling of isolation. Specific studies have explored the link between harassment and suicide among LGBTQ+ youth, highlighting the detrimental effects of bullying and harassment on mental health and well-being.
Initiatives such as It Gets Better, Born This Way, I Get Bullied Too, and Stop Youth Suicide aim to provide support and encouragement to vulnerable youth, using varying approaches.
Lack of impulse control has been found to differentiate adolescent suicide attempters from a control group of adolescents with an acute illness. However, impulsivity does not characterize all suicide attempters, since group comparisons have found no differences between suicidal patients and psychiatric controls on a measure of cognitive impulsivity. Instead, impulsivity may be important in identifying high-risk subgroups.
Sexual minority youth and suicide
Youth that fall under the category of sexual minorities are at an elevated risk of depression and succumbing to self-harm. Research indicates that sexual minority youth are at increased risk of experiencing mental health issues compared to their heterosexual peers. Among the population of sexual minority youth, on average, 28% explain having past experiences with suicidal actions and/or thoughts. Studies have also shown that this is due to "perceived burdensomeness, low sense of belonging, and acquired ability to enact lethal self injury." Lesbian and gay youth are the group most likely to face negative experiences, leading to a higher likelihood of the development of suicidal thoughts according to mental care professionals. Additionally, bisexual youth face an even higher likelihood of suicidality, with reports indicating that they are five times more likely to report suicidal thoughts and actions. Bisexuality also carries a higher likelihood of suicidality with bisexuals being five times more likely to report suicidal thoughts and actions. Sexual minority youth also report a higher incidence of substance abuse when compared to heterosexuals. Overall, studies suggest that sexual minority youth carry a higher incidence of suicide and depression, and that reforms centered on alleviating minority stigma attenuate this disparity. In conclusion, sexual minority youth face elevated rates of depression, self-harm, and suicidality due to a combination of societal discrimination, familial rejection, and lack of support. Addressing these mental health disparities requires comprehensive efforts to reduce minority stress, promote social support, and provide affirming mental health services. By addressing the unique challenges faced by sexual minority youth, we can work towards creating more inclusive and supportive environments that foster positive mental health outcomes for all individuals, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.Black youth suicide
While the overall youth suicide rate has been trending down, Black youth suicide rose 144% between 2007 and 2020. Black youth ages 5–12 were almost twice as likely to die by suicide than their White counterparts, and Black youth ages 14–18 had a higher rate of suicide attempts than White and Hispanic youth. Black youth are less likely to receive mental health treatment compared to their white counterparts and less likely to use crisis hotlines. Healthcare disparities between Black and white families play a significant role in this situation. Black families are more likely to face barriers such as inadequate insurance coverage, long wait times for care, and a shortage of Black mental health professionals who can provide culturally responsive therapy. This may discourage folks from seeking out the mental health care they need in times of crisis. Similarly, Black individuals are more likely to distrust healthcare systems and have concerns about law enforcement involvement during a mental health crisis than their white counterparts. In times of mental health crisis, folks are looking for resources that are trusted and helpful, not ones that they fear may cause further repercussions.Previous exposure, attempts, and age impacting youth suicide
Exposure to suicide, previous attempts of suicide, and age are some of the most influential factors of young individuals and their probability of dying by suicide. Adolescent exposure to suicide through classmates has caused researchers to hypothesize suicide as a contagion. They note how a child's exposure to suicide predicts suicide ideation and attempts. Previous exposure to suicide through parental attempts have also been found to have a 3.5% increase in a youth's probability of having suicidal thoughts, with a 2.6% increased chance of them attempting suicide. Aggression in families and its transference can be one of the main causes of transmission of suicidal tendencies in families.Previous attempts of suicide also play a major role in a youth attempting suicide again. On average, it has been recorded that the follow-up period for suicide-attempters was 3.88 years. Evidence shows those most at risk for suicide are those who previously attempted suicide, with research showing that they can have anywhere from a 40 to over a 100 times higher chance of dying by suicide compared to the general population.
On average, it has been recorded that the follow-up period for suicide-attempters was 3.88 years. Evidence shows those most at risk for suicide are those who previously attempted suicide, with research showing that they can have anywhere from a 40 to over a 100 times higher chance of dying by suicide compared to the general population.
Age and experience also factor in suicide. It has been found that older, more experienced populations take more time to plan, choose deadlier methods, and have greater suicidal intent. This results in them eventually committing suicide at a higher rate than their younger counterparts. A US nationwide study of adolescent suicides found increasing rates of firearm, poisoning, and hanging and asphyxiation suicides among American Indian and Alaska Native, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander youth from 1999-2020.
The International Association for Suicide Prevention looked at multiple different studies and accessed them based on what it being done and how successful certain methods are when it comes to suicide. When people received care from people such as the rates of suicide depressed substantially. This is due to the fact that they received different resources and treatments such as psychotherapy that helped them with their depression. A specific program that seems to be quite successful is the IMPACT program which is an abbreviation for Improving Mood- Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment. Those in this group experienced a greater quality of life, lower rates of depression, and suicidal ideation. Some key aspects of this program is the development of a therapeutic alliance, a personalized treatment plan that includes a patient's preferences, and proactive follow ups. Sometimes following up and going through these treatments can be a long process or even expensive which is why this study also explains how successful telephone counseling is as well. This type of intervention has been statistically proven to be successful.