Tallit
A tallit, taleth, or tallis is a fringed garment worn as a prayer shawl by religious Jews. The tallit has special twined and knotted fringes known as tzitzit attached to its four corners. The cloth part is known as the beged and is usually made from wool or cotton, although silk is sometimes used for a tallit gadol.
The term is, to an extent, ambiguous. It can refer either to the tallit katan item worn over or under clothing, or to the tallit gadol worn over the outer clothes during Shacharit—the morning Jewish prayer service—and all of the Yom Kippur prayer services. The term "tallit" alone typically refers to the tallit gadol.
There are diverse traditions regarding the age at which a tallit gadol is first used, including within Orthodox Judaism. In some Sephardic Orthodox communities, young boys wear a tallit even before becoming b'nei mitzvah. In some communities, it is worn beginning with a boy's bar mitzvah, though the tallit katan is often worn from preschool age. In many Orthodox Ashkenazi Jewish communities, a tallit gadol is worn only after marriage and may be given to a groom as a wedding present or, in the most conservative communities, as part of a dowry.
Biblical commandment
The Hebrew Bible does not command wearing a prayer shawl. Instead, it presumes that people wore a garment of some type to cover themselves and instructs the Israelites to attach fringes to the corners of these in Numbers 15:38, which is repeated in Deuteronomy 22:12: "You shall make tassels on the four corners of the garment with which you cover yourself." These passages do not specify tying particular types or numbers of knots in the fringes.Customs regarding the tying of the tzitzit and the format of the tallit are of Rabbinic origin and, though the Talmud discusses these matters, slightly different traditions have developed in different communities. However the Bible is specific as to the purpose of these tzitzit, stating that "it shall be unto you for a fringe, that ye may look upon it, and remember all the commandments of the LORD, and do them; and that ye go not about after your own heart and your own eyes, after which ye use to go astray; that ye may remember and do all My commandments, and be holy unto your God".
The Encyclopaedia Judaica describes the prayer shawl as "a rectangular mantle that looked like a blanket and was worn by men in ancient times". Also, it "is usually white and made either of wool, cotton, or silk".
Traditionally, a tallit is made of wool or linen, based on an understanding that reference to a "garment" in the Bible in connection with a mitzvah refers to wool and linen garments. Though other materials are sometimes used, the debate has not reached a conclusion, and many, especially among the orthodox, prefer wool, which is accepted by all authorities. There is also debate about mixed wool and linen tallit, since the Bible forbids kelayim —"intertying" wool and linen together, with the two exceptions being the garments of the priests of the Temple and the tzitzit. Concerning tzitzit, chazal permit using wool and linen strings in tandem only when genuine tekhelet is available, whereas kabbalist sources take it a step further by encouraging its practice.
According to the biblical commandment in Numbers 15:38, a "tekhelet" thread is included in the tzitzit. However, for many centuries since the Jewish diaspora, tzitzit have been worn without a tekhelet fringe, though there has been something of a comeback in the last hundred years.
Pronunciation
In Modern Hebrew the word is pronounced, with the stress on the final syllable. In Yiddish it is, with the stress on the first syllable. The plural of tallit in Hebrew is tallitot, pronounced. The Yiddish plural is taleisim, pronounced.Etymology
Mishnaic Hebrew טלית is a backformation of אצטלית or אסטלית, borrowed from Ancient Greek στολή with epithetic -א to break up with initial consonant cluster and suffix ת- because final -ē was not tolerated in Mishnaic Hebrew. It is the vocalization טָלֵית which is reflected in the Yiddish and Ladino spoken traditions.The spelling of this word motivated a Semitic folk etymology in Modern Hebrew. טלית has been re-vocalized as though it were from the root ṭ-l-l meaning "cover", with the diminutive suffix -it.
טלית referred to a "cloak" or "sheet" generally, but in Talmudic times already referred to the Jewish prayer shawl in particular.
Idiom
In modern Hebrew idiom, the expression "a completely blue tallit" means something which is completely perfect, and is typically used sarcastically to refer to a person who is imperfect and hypocritical. The expression stems from a rabbinic story about the biblical figure Korah who led a revolt against the leadership of Moses and Aaron. Koraḥ was said to have asked Moses a number of vexatious questions, one of which was, "Does a tallit made entirely of blue yarn require tzitzit?" To Moses's affirmative answer, Koraḥ argued that the tzitzit commandment is absurd, in that if a single string of blue makes a garment acceptable then a completely blue garment should be acceptable even without that string. Korach's argument in this story is a metaphor for the argument justifying his rebellion. Just as he argued that a blue fringe is superfluous for an entirely blue garment, in the text of the Torah he argued that a holy leader like Moses was unnecessary for a nation which was entirely holy.The phrase "more kosher than tzitzit" is a Yiddish metaphoric expression with similar connotations but is not necessarily used in a sarcastic sense. It can refer, in the superlative, to something that is really so perfect and flawless as to be beyond all reproach or criticism.
Customs
In some Jewish communities a tallit gadol is given as a gift by a father to a son, a father-in-law to a son-in-law, or a teacher to a student. Many families pass tallitot down as heirlooms. It might be purchased to mark a special occasion, such as a wedding or a bar mitzvah. Many parents purchase a tallit gadol for their sons at the age of 13, together with tefillin, though among the orthodox a male child will have been wearing a tallit katan from pre-school age. In the Reform, Reconstructionist, Renewal, and Conservative movements many women nowadays also wear a tallit gadol. While many worshipers bring their own tallit gadol to synagogue, there is usually a rack of them for the use of visitors and guests.At Jewish wedding ceremonies, a tallit gadol is often used as a chuppah or wedding canopy. Similarly, a tallit gadol is traditionally spread out as a canopy over the children during the Torah-reading ceremony during the holiday of Simchat Torah, or in any procession with Torah scrolls, such as when parading a newly completed scroll through the streets.
The tallit gadol is traditionally draped over the shoulders, but during prayer, some cover their head with it, notably during specific parts of the service such as the Amidah and when called to the Torah for an aliyah.
In the Talmudic and post-Talmudic periods the tefillin were worn by rabbis and scholars all day, and a special tallit was worn at prayer; hence they put on the tefillin before the tallit, as appears in the order given in "Seder Rabbi Amram Gaon" and in the Zohar. In modern practice, the opposite order is considered more "correct". Based on the Talmudic principle of tadir v'she'ayno tadir, tadir kodem, when one performs more than one mitzva at a time, those that are performed more frequently should be performed first. While the tallit is worn daily, tefillin are not worn on Shabbat and holidays.
On the fast day of Tisha B'Av, different customs prevail. Ashkenazim and some Sephardim do not wear a tallit gadol during the morning service; at the afternoon service, those who wear a tallit gadol make the blessing on fringes then. Other Sephardim wear the tallit at Shacharit as usual.
The Kabbalists considered the tallit as a special garment for the service of God, intended, in connection with the tefillin, to inspire awe and reverence for God at prayer.
The tallit gadol is worn by worshipers at the morning prayer on weekdays, Shabbat, and holy days. In addition, in many communities, it is worn by the hazzan at every prayer while before the ark and by the reader of Torah, as well as by all other functionaries during the Torah reading.
History
The literal commandment in the Bible was not to wear a tallit but to attach tzitzit to the corners of one's four-cornered garments every day to serve as a reminder of God commandments; this implies that such clothes were typically worn by Jews during biblical times. Such garments were large, white and rectangular and used as a garment, shawl and burial shroud. These four-cornered garments are suitable for the climate of West Asia. On hot days the garment could be draped around the body and head to provide cover from the sun or just bunched up on the shoulders for later evening use; the evenings can be dramatically cool and the garment could be draped around the neck and shoulders like a scarf to provide warmth.Jews became at risk of losing this mitzvah when four cornered garments went out of fashion and became impractical for everyday wear. And so, a poncho-like vest undergarment was developed as a practical solution to continue following the Torah commandment. This garment is most commonly known as tzitzit, but is also referred to as arba kanfot, or tallit katan. Jewish men wear the talit katan every day, most commonly worn under their clothing with the tzitzit knots hanging out. Some Jewish men prefer to tuck in their tzitzit to avoid drawing unwanted attention and/or for practical reasons. The tallit gadol became almost exclusively worn only for morning prayers and rarely outside.