Tai shogi

Tai shogi is a large board variant of shogi. The game dates to the 15th century and is based on earlier large-board shogi games. Before the discovery of taikyoku shogi in 1997, tai shogi was believed to be the largest playable chess variant, if not board game, ever. One game may be played over several long sessions and require each player to make over a thousand moves. It was never a popular game; indeed, a single production of six game sets in the early 17th century was a notable event.
Like other large-board variants, but unlike standard shogi, the game is played without drops, and uses a promotion-by-capture rule.
Because of the terse and often incomplete wording of the historical sources for the large shogi variants, except for chu shogi and to a lesser extent dai shogi, the historical rules of tai shogi are not clear. Different sources often differ significantly in the moves attributed to the pieces, and the degree of contradiction is such that it is likely impossible to reconstruct the "true historical rules" with any degree of certainty, if there ever was such a thing. It is not clear if the game was ever played much historically, as the few sets that were made seem to have been intended only for display.

Rules of the game

Tai shogi is essentially a merger of two other large-board shogi variants: dai dai shogi and maka dai dai shogi. Almost all the pieces of those two smaller games are included, and where the same pieces are found, they move the same way. Additionally, many of the tai shogi pieces not from those two games already appear in the even more popular chu shogi. Only nine extra pieces are added that do not appear in any smaller games – the peacock, soldier, vermillion sparrow, turtle-snake, side dragon, golden deer, silver hare, fierce eagle, and ram's-head soldier.
The promotion rule is contested. Dai dai shogi and maka dai dai shogi have very different promotion rules. The promotion rules given on the Japanese Wikipedia are similar to those of maka dai dai shogi: almost all pieces promote, but most to the lowly gold general, even if they are much more powerful; and many weak pieces turn into "free" versions of themselves. However, the promotion rules given in English-language sources are similar to those of dai dai shogi: most pieces do not promote. Both agree that promotion is compulsory upon capture if the piece can promote.
In maka dai dai shogi with its demotions, The Chess Variant Pages suggest that promotion is only compulsory when capturing a promoted piece, which seems more reasonable because otherwise the most powerful pieces would quickly disappear. However, in tai shogi non-promoting copies of those powerful pieces can be obtained by promoting some weak pieces.
The difference is unusual: in all smaller variants, Japanese Wikipedia agrees with the English-language sources on promotions, even though it does not always agree on the moves. There are additionally some confusions in the Japanese Wikipedia promotions: for example, the fragrant elephant is said to exist in tai shogi, but without a piece promoting into it. Because of this, the promotions from the English-language sources have been followed throughout this article, with alternatives given in the footnotes. That is, most pieces do not promote, and promotion is compulsory on capture.

Objective

The objective of the game is to capture the opponent's emperor and prince. When the last of these is captured, the game ends. There are no rules for check or checkmate; however, in practice a player resigns when checkmated.

Game equipment

Two players, Black and White, play on a board ruled into a grid of 25 ranks and 25 files, for a total of 625 squares. The squares are undifferentiated by marking or color.
Each player has a set of 177 wedge-shaped pieces of 93 types. In all, the players must remember 100 moves for these pieces. The pieces are of slightly different sizes. From largest to smallest they are:

1 Emperor
1 Prince
1 Hook mover
2 Long-nosed goblins
1 Capricorn
2 Peacocks
2 Soaring eagles
2 Horned falcons
2 Queens
1 Rushing bird
2 Free demons
2 Free dream-eaters
2 Water buffalos
2 Flying oxen
2 Soldiers
2 Dragon kings
2 Dragon horses
1 Lion
2 Racing chariots
2 Rooks
2 Bishops
2 White horses
2 Whales
2 Standard bearers
1 Vermillion sparrow
1 Turtle-snake
1 Blue dragon
1 White tiger
1 Right chariot
1 Left chariot
2 Side dragons
2 Doves
1 She-devil
1 Golden bird
1 Great dragon
2 White elephants
1 Lion dog
1 Wrestler
1 Guardian of the Gods
1 Buddhist devil
2 Golden deer
2 Silver hares
2 Fierce eagles
1 Old kite
2 Violent oxen
2 Flying dragons
2 Old rats
2 Enchanted badgers
2 Flying horses
2 Prancing stags
2 Violent bears
2 Side movers
2 Vertical movers
2 Reverse chariots
1 Phoenix
1 Kirin
2 Poison snakes
1 Northern barbarian
1 Southern barbarian
1 Eastern barbarian
1 Western barbarian
2 Blind bears
1 Drunken elephant
1 Neighbor king
2 Blind tigers
2 Blind monkeys
2 Ferocious leopards
2 Reclining dragons
2 Chinese cocks
2 Old monkeys
2 Evil Wolves
2 Angry boars
2 Cat swords
2 Coiled serpents
1 Deva
1 Dark spirit
1 Right general
1 Left general
2 Gold generals
2 Silver generals
2 Copper generals
2 Tile generals
2 Iron generals
2 Wood generals
2 Stone generals
2 Earth generals
2 Go betweens
2 Knights
2 Howling dogs
2 Donkeys
2 Ram's-head soldiers
2 Lances
25 Pawns

Several of the English names were chosen to correspond to rough equivalents in Western chess, rather than as translations of the Japanese names.
Each piece has its name in the form of two kanji written on its face. On the reverse side of some pieces are one or two other characters, often in a different color ; this reverse side is turned up to indicate that the piece has been promoted during play. The pieces of the two sides do not differ in color, but instead each piece is shaped like a wedge, and faces forward, toward the opposing side. This shows who controls the piece during play.

Table of pieces

Listed here are the pieces of the game and, if they promote, which pieces they promote to.

Piece	Kanji	Rōmaji	Promotes to
Emperor	天王	tennō	—
Prince	太子	taishi	—
Hook mover	鉤行	kōgyō	Gold general
Long-nosed goblin	天狗	tengu	—
Capricorn	*摩?	makatsu	Gold general
Peacock	孔雀	kujaku	—
Soaring eagle	飛鷲	hijū	—
Horned falcon	角鷹	kakuō	—
Queen	奔王	honnō	—
Rushing bird	行鳥	gyōchō	Free demon
Free demon	奔鬼	honki	—
Free dream-eater	奔獏	honbaku	—
Water buffalo	水牛	suigyū	Free dream-eater
Flying ox	飛牛	higyū	—
Soldier	兵士	heishi	—
Dragon king	龍王	ryūō	—
Dragon horse	龍馬	ryūme	—
Lion	獅子	shishi	Furious fiend
*Furious fiend	奮迅	funjin	—
Racing chariot	走車	sōsha	—
Rook	飛車	hisha	Gold general
Bishop	角行	kakugyō	Gold general
White horse	白駒	hokku	—
Whale	鯨鯢	keigei	—
Standard bearer	前旗	zenki	—
Vermillion sparrow	朱雀	suzaku	—
Turtle-snake	玄武	genbu	—
Blue dragon	青龍	seiryū	—
White tiger	白虎	byakko	—
Right chariot	右車	usha	—
Left chariot	左車	sasha	—
Side dragon	横龍	ōryū	Gold general
Dove	鳩槃	kyūhan	—
She-devil	夜叉	yasha	Gold general
Golden bird	金翅	kinshi	—
Great dragon	大龍	dairyū	—
White elephant	白象	hakuzō	—
Lion dog	狛犬	komainu	Great elephant
*Great elephant	大象	taizō	—
Wrestler	力士	rikishi	Gold general
Guardian of the Gods	金剛	kongō	Gold general
Buddhist devil	羅刹	rasetsu	Gold general
Golden deer	金鹿	konroku	—
Silver hare	銀兎	ginto	—
Fierce eagle	猛鷲	mōjū	—
Old kite	古鵄	kotetsu	Long-nosed goblin
Violent ox	猛牛	mōgyū	—
Flying dragon	飛龍	hiryū	Gold general
Old rat	老鼠	rōso	Wizard stork
*Wizard stork	*仙鶴	senkaku	—
Enchanted badger	変狸	henri	Dove
Flying horse	馬麟	barin	Queen
Prancing stag	踊鹿	yōroku	Square mover
*Square mover	方行	hōgyō	—
Violent bear	猛熊	mōyū	—
Side mover	横行	ōgyō	Gold general
Vertical mover	竪行	shugyō	Gold general
Reverse chariot	反車	hensha	—
Phoenix	鳳凰	hōō	Golden bird
Kirin	麒麟	kirin	Great dragon
Poisonous snake	毒蛇	dokuja	Hook mover
Northern barbarian	北狄	hokuteki	Fragrant elephant
*Fragrant elephant	香象	kōzō	—
Southern barbarian	南蛮	nanban	White elephant
Eastern barbarian	東夷	tōi	Lion
Western barbarian	西戎	seijū	Lion dog
Blind bear	盲熊	mōyū	—
Drunken elephant	醉象	suizō	Prince
Neighboring king	近王	kinnō	Standard bearer
Blind tiger	盲虎	mōko	—
Blind monkey	盲猿	mōen	Mountain witch
*Mountain witch	山母	sambo	—
Ferocious leopard	猛豹	mōhyō	—
Reclining dragon	臥龍	garyū	—
Chinese cock	淮鶏	waikei	Wizard stork
Old monkey	古猿	koen	—
Evil wolf	悪狼	akurō	—
Angry boar	嗔猪	shincho	—
Cat sword	猫刄	myōjin	—
Coiled serpent	蟠蛇	banja	—
Deva	提婆	daiba	Teaching king
*Teaching king	教王	kyōō	—
Dark spirit	無明	mumyō	Buddhist spirit
*Buddhist spirit	法性	hōsei	—
Right general	右将	ushō	—
Left general	左将	sashō	—
Gold general	金将	kinshō	—
Silver general	銀将	ginshō	—
Copper general	銅将	dōshō	—
Tile general	瓦将	gashō	—
Iron general	鉄将	tesshō	—
Wood general	木将	mokushō	—
Stone general	石将	sekishō	—
Earth general	土将	doshō	—
Go-between	仲人	chūnin	—
Knight	桂馬	keima	Gold general
Howling dog	*?犬	kiken	—
Donkey	驢馬	roba	Gold general
Ram's-head soldier	羊兵	yōhei	—
Lance	香車	kyōsha	—
Pawn	歩兵	fuhyō	—

Setup

Below is a diagram showing the setup of one player's pieces. The way one player sees their own pieces is the same way the opposing player will see their pieces.

AB - Angry Boar	B - Bishop	BB - Blind Bear	BD - Blue Dragon
BU - Buddhist Devil	BM - Blind Monkey	BT - Blind Tiger	C - Copp. General
CA - Capricorn	CC - Chinese Cock	CO - Coiled Serpent	CP - Prince
CS - Cat Sword	D - Dove	DE - Drunken Elephant	DH - Dragon Horse
DK - Dragon King	DO - Donkey	DS - Dark Spirit	DV - Deva
E - Emperor	EA - Earth General	EB - Eastern Barbarian	EN - Enchanted Badger
EW - Evil Wolf	FD - Flying Dragon	FE - Fierce Eagle	FH - Flying Horse
FL - Fer. Leopard	FO - Flying Ox	FR - Free Demon	FT - Free Dream-Eater
G - Gold General	GB - Go Between	GD - Great Dragon	GG - Guardian of the Gods
GL - Golden Deer	GO - Golden Bird	HD - Howling Dog	HF - Horned Falcon
HM - Hook Mover	I - Iron General	KR - Kirin	L - Lance
LC - Left Chariot	LD - Lion Dog	LG - Left General	LN - Lion
LO - Long-nosed Goblin	N - Knight	NB - Northern Barbarian	NK - Neighbor King
OK - Old Kite	OM - Old Monkey	OR - Old Rat	P - Pawn
PC - Peacock	PH - Phoenix	PR - Prancing Stag	PS - Poison Snake
Q - Queen	R - Rook	RB - Rushing Bird	RC - Right Chariot
RD - Reclining Dragon	RG - Right General	RS - Ram's-head Soldier	RV - Reverse Chariot
S - Silver General	SB - Standard Bearer	SC - Racing Chariot	SD - She-devil
SE - Soaring Eagle	SG - Stone General	SI - Side Dragon	SM - Side Mover
SO - Soldier	SU - Southern Barbarian	SV - Silver Hare	T - Tile General
TS - Turtle-snake	VB - Violent Bear	VM - Vert. Mover	VO - Violent Ox
VS - Vermillion Sparrow	W - Whale	WB - Water Buffalo	WE - White Elephant
WH - White Horse	WO - Wood General	WR - Wrestler	WS - Western Barbarian
WT - White Tiger

The queen could also be abbreviated FK and the kirin as Ky.

Game play

The players alternate making a move, with Black moving first. A move consists of moving a single piece on the board and potentially promoting that piece or displacing an opposing piece. Each of these options is detailed below.

Movement and capture

An opposing piece is captured by displacement: That is, if a piece moves to a square occupied by an opposing piece, the opposing piece is displaced and removed from the board. A piece cannot move to a square occupied by a friendly piece.
Each piece on the game moves in a characteristic pattern. Pieces move either orthogonally, or diagonally. The emperor, lion, and knight are exceptions at the beginning of the game, in that they do not move, or are not required to move, in a straight line.
If a piece that cannot retreat or move aside advances across the board until it can no longer move, it must remain there until captured. This applies to the pawn, lance, ram's-head soldier, stone general, wood general, and iron general upon reaching the farthest rank, and to the knight upon reaching either of the two farthest ranks.
Many pieces are capable of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most often depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are:

Step movers

Some pieces move only one square at a time.
The step movers are the prince, drunk elephant, neighbor king, blind tiger, blind monkey, ferocious leopard, reclining dragon, Chinese cock, old monkey, evil wolf, the generals, angry boar, cat sword, coiled serpent, deva, dark spirit, go between, and the 25 pawns on each side.

Limited ranging pieces

Some pieces can move along a limited number of free squares along a straight line in certain directions. Other than the limited distance, they move like ranging pieces.
These pieces are the water buffalo, standard bearer, vermillion sparrow, turtle-snake, blue dragon, white tiger, dove, she-devil, golden bird, great dragon, white elephant, lion dog, wrestler, Guardian of the Gods, Buddhist devil, golden deer, silver hare, fierce eagle, old kite, violent ox, flying dragon, old rat, enchanted badger, flying horse, prancing stag, violent bear, the barbarians, and the wood general.

Jumping pieces

Several pieces can jump, that is, they can pass over any intervening piece, whether friend or foe, with no effect on either. These are the lion, kirin, phoenix, poison snake, donkey, and knight.

Ranging pieces

Many pieces can move any number of empty squares along a straight line, limited only by the edge of the board. If an opposing piece intervenes, it may be captured by moving to that square and removing it from the board. A ranging piece must stop where it captures and cannot bypass a piece that is in its way. If a friendly piece intervenes, the moving piece is limited to a distance that stops short of the intervening piece; if the friendly piece is adjacent, it cannot move in that direction at all.
The ranging pieces are the soaring eagle, horned falcon, queen, rushing bird, the demons, free dream-eater, water buffalo, flying ox, soldier, dragon king, dragon horse, the chariots, rook, bishop, white horse, whale, standard bearer, vermillion sparrow, turtle-snake, blue dragon, white tiger, side dragon, golden bird, great dragon, white elephant, golden deer, movers, howling dog, ram's-head soldier and lance.

Hook moves (changing tack)

The hook mover, long-nosed goblin, Capricorn, and peacock can move any number of squares along a straight line, as a normal ranging piece, but may also abruptly change tack left or right by 90° at any one place along the route, and then continue as a ranging piece. Turning a corner like this is optional.
The range covered by a hook move is the equivalent of two moves by a rook, or two moves by a bishop, depending on the piece. However, a hook move is functionally a single move: The piece cannot capture twice in one move, nor may it capture and then move on. It must stop before an intervening piece, and must stop when it captures, just like any other ranging piece. It can only change direction once per move.

Lion moves (multiple captures)

The lion, lion dog, soaring eagle, and horned falcon have sequential multiple-capture abilities, called "lion moves". Among the pieces that only appear with promotion, so do the teaching king, buddhist spirit, and furious fiend. The details of these powerful moves are described for the lion, below.

Promotion

The vast majority of pieces cannot promote. Those that can promote, however, must promote at the end of their first capturing move. Promotion is indicated by turning the piece over after it moves, revealing the character for the promoted piece. There are no promotion zones; dots on the board that usually represent promotion zones are present after the sixth rank only as a placement guide for initial setup. All this is as in dai dai shogi.
Promoting a piece has the effect of changing how that piece moves: see the table above for what each piece promotes to.
Pieces which are already promoted cannot promote again, except as follows:
Any piece promoted or not, that captures a Deva or teaching king promotes to a teaching king. This is brought about by replacing it on the board with the captured piece. Similarly, any piece that captures a dark spirit or Buddhist spirit promotes to a Buddhist spirit. This is sometimes expressed as the piece being contagious: when something captures a contagious piece type, it becomes that piece type. The only exception is royal pieces which promote to their normal promoted forms or stay as they are if unpromotable or already promoted.
It is not clear what happens if a multi-capturing piece such as a lion or a lion dog captures two different contagious piece types in one turn, e.g. a lion capturing both a teaching king and a Buddhist spirit on the same turn. Although the situation is very unlikely to arise, an official of the Japanese Chu Shogi Association has suggested in discussion with H. G. Muller that the multi-capturing piece would promote to the last piece captured. In the case of a lion dog capturing two pieces on the same orthogonal or diagonal, the official claimed that it would not be permitted to jump over the first piece, capture the second, and then move back to capture the first, though Muller admits that the logic did not "make much sense" to him and that he would be happy with the option to choose.
Otherwise, pieces don't promote more than once: they only have two sides.

Individual pieces

In the diagrams below, the different types of moves are coded by symbol and by color: Blue for step moves, yellow for jumps, green for multiple capture, and pink for range moves, as follows:
Piece names with a grey background are present at the start of the game; those with a blue background only appear with promotion. Betza's funny notation has been included in brackets for easier reference, with the extension that the notation xxxayyyK stands for an xxxK move followed by an yyyK move, not necessarily in the same direction. Larger numbers of 'legs' can be indicated by repeated application of 'a'. Directional modifiers on continuation legs must be interpreted relative to the previous leg, where 'f' means 'continue in the same direction'; default is 'all directions'. The default modality of the final leg is the usual 'mc', but on non-final legs also includes a hop over an obstacle at their endpoint, provided the path does not bend back onto itself there. Other modalities must be written explicitly. U denotes the universal leaper, a piece which can jump to any square on the board except the one that it is on.
There are many divergent descriptions in the Edo-era sources. However, almost all the pieces in tai shogi already appear either in dai dai shogi or maka dai dai shogi, and so they are presented here identically to how they are on the Wikipedia articles for those two games. Refer to those pages for footnotes detailing divergent moves. Footnotes are presented as usual for pieces that do not appear in smaller games.

Repetition

A player may not make a move if the resulting position is one that has previously occurred in the game with the same player to move. This is called repetition. Note that certain pieces have the ability to pass in certain situations. Such a pass move leaves the position unchanged, but it does not violate the repetition rule, as it will now be the turn of the other player to move. Of course, two consecutive passes are not possible, as the first player will see the same position as before.
However, evidence from chu shogi problems suggests that this at least does not apply to a player who is in check or whose pieces are attacked, as otherwise one could win via perpetual check or perpetual pursuit. The modern chu shogi rule as applied by the Japanese Chu Shogi Association is as follows, and presumably tai shogi should be similar. If one side is making attacks on other pieces with his moves in the repeat cycle, and the other is not, the attacking side must deviate, while in case of checking the checker must deviate regardless of whether the checked side attacks other pieces. In the case of consecutive passes, the side passing first must deviate, making turn passing to avoid zugzwang pointless if the opponent is in a position where he can pass his turn too. Only the fourth repetition is forbidden by these rules. If none of these are applicable, repetition is a draw.

Check and mate

When a player makes a move such that the opponent's emperor or prince could be captured on the following move, the move is said to give check to the emperor or prince; the emperor or prince is said to be in check. If a player's emperor or prince is in check and no legal move by that player will get the emperor or prince out of check, the checking move is also a mate, and effectively wins the game. If a player has both an emperor and one or more princes in play, then the player need not move only one out of check.
Recall that an emperor can only capture a royal piece if that royal piece is unprotected. This prohibition applies even if the opponent's last royal piece is being captured: here "protected" means that the opponent could recapture if we ignore that he has just lost his last royal.

Game end

A player who captures the opponent's sole remaining emperor or prince wins the game. Thus a player who is checkmated or stalemated will lose. In practice this rarely happens; a player will resign when loss is inevitable and the king will be taken on the opponent's next move because of the tradition that it is seen as an embarrassment to lose. The very artificial situation of a smothered stalemate, where no moves are possible, is not covered in the historical sources. On their pages for chu shogi and dai shogi, The Chess Variant Pages rule this as a loss for the stalemated player, for definiteness.
A player who makes an illegal move loses immediately.
There is a rule that draws cannot be agreed.

Game notation

The method used in English-language texts to express shogi moves was established by George Hodges in 1976. It is derived from the algebraic notation used for chess, but differs in several respects. Modifications have been made for tai shogi.
A typical example is P-8h.
The first letter represents the piece moved.
Promoted pieces have a + added in front of the letter.. The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move or x for a capture. Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands. This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top right corner and 25y being the bottom left corner.
If a soaring eagle, horned falcon, lion or Buddhist spirit captures by 'igui’, the square of the piece being captured is used instead of the destination square, and this is preceded by the symbol '!'. If a double capture is made, then it is added after the first capture.
If a capture mandates the player to promote the piece, then a + is added to the end to signify that the promotion was taken. For example, ORx7c+ indicates an old rat capturing on 7c and promoting.
In cases where the above notation would be ambiguous, the designation of the start square is added after the designation for the piece in order to make clear which piece is meant.
Moves are commonly numbered as in chess.

Strategy

Piece values

According to the German Chu Shogi Association, the average values of the pieces are as follows. Note that these use the move interpretations of The Shogi Association, e.g. the lion dog as only a three-square limited ranging piece in all directions, with no lion power. They also make the additional change that the prince is allowed to promote to emperor, although TSA rules do not allow this.

Piece name	Approximate value	Promotion	Approximate value
Emperor		—	—
Prince		Emperor
Drunk Elephant		Prince
Long-Nosed Goblin	89	—	—
Peacock	66	—	—
Hook Mover		Gold General
Capricorn	88	Gold General
Lion	22	Furious Fiend	24
Queen	21	—	—
Rushing Bird	20	Free Demon	18
Free Dream-Eater	19	—	—
Horned Falcon	18	—	—
Free Demon	18	—	—
Water Buffalo	17	Free Dream-Eater	19
Soaring Eagle	17	—	—
Flying Ox	16	—	—
Standard Bearer	15	—	—
Soldier	14	—	—
Vermillion Sparrow	13	—	—
White Horse	13	—	—
Golden Bird	12	—	—
White Tiger	11	—	—
Blue Dragon	11	—	—
Great Dragon	11	—	—
Turtle Snake	10	—	—
Left Chariot	10	—	—
Right Chariot	10	—	—
Dove		—	—
Whale		—	—
Lion Dog		Great Elephant
White Elephant		—	—
Dragon King	13	—	—
Dragon Horse	12	—	—
Racing Chariot	12	—	—
Golden Deer		—	—
Ram's-Head Soldier		—	—
Silver Hare		—	—
She-Devil		Gold General
Guardian of the Gods		Gold General
Wrestler		Gold General
Buddhist Devil		Gold General
Rook	11	Gold General
Bishop	10	Gold General
Side Dragon	10	Gold General
Vertical Mover		Gold General
Side Mover		Gold General
Reverse Chariot		—	—
Howling Dog		—	—
Lance		—	—
Old Kite		Long-Nosed Goblin	89
Poisonous Snake		Hook Mover
Eastern Barbarian		Lion	22
Dark Spirit		Buddhist Spirit	35
Deva		Teaching King	29
Flying Horse		Queen	21
Neighbouring King		Standard-Bearer	15
Old Rat		Wizard Stork	15
Chinese Cock		Wizard Stork	15
Northern Barbarian		Fragrant Elephant	12
Phoenix		Golden Bird	12
Blind Monkey		Mountain Witch	12
Kirin		Great Dragon	11
Western Barbarian		Lion Dog
Southern Barbarian		White Elephant
Enchanted Badger		Dove
Prancing Stag		Square Mover	12
Flying Dragon		Gold General
Donkey		Gold General
Knight		Gold General
Fierce Eagle		—	—
Blind Bear		—	—
Left General		—	—
Right General		—	—
Blind Tiger		—	—
Violent Ox		—	—
Gold General		—	—
Ferocious Leopard		—	—
Violent Bear		—	—
Evil Wolf		—	—
Reclining Dragon		—	—
Silver General		—	—
Old Monkey		—	—
Copper General		—	—
Wood General		—	—
Iron General		—	—
Cat Sword		—	—
Coiled Serpent		—	—
Angry Boar		—	—
Tile General		—	—
Stone General		—	—
Earth General		—	—
Go-Between		—	—
Pawn		—	—

These average values do not take into account the special status of the prince as a royal piece, or emperor as disposable if there's a prince and other piece. They have also been normalized so that the pawn is worth 1 point to avoid fractions. Additionally, pieces change value if they have a good chance of promotion. This is particularly significant for the hook mover and capricorn, which are two of the most powerful pieces in the game, but "promote" to the weak gold general; and the old kite and poisonous snake, which promote respectively to the hook mover and long-nosed goblin.