Surah Sad

Surah Ṣad is the 38th chapter of the Qur'an with 88 verses and 1 sajdah ۩. Sad is the name of the eighteenth letter in the Arabic alphabet.
According to the traditional Islamic narrative, the surah was sent to Muhammad SAW by Allah while he was coping with rejection from his tribe, the Quraysh. It recounts stories of previous prophets, describes the splendors of heaven, and warns of the monstrosities of hell.
Regarding the timing and contextual background of the believed revelation , it is an earlier "Meccan surah", which means it is believed to have been revealed in Mecca, rather than later in Medina. The surah dates to the 2nd Meccan Period, meaning it was revealed only five or six years into the development of Islam.

Summary

1 The letter Sad, By the Quran, full of reminders.
2 Unbelievers are addicted to pride and contention
3 They are unmoved by the fate of former infidels
4 They wonder at their warner, and call him a sorcerer and a liar
5-6 The Divine unity is denied by the infidels as a marvellous error
7-9 The confederates are challenged
10-13 Former bands of confederate infidels destroyed
14-15 Judgment impending over the scoffers of Makkah
The story of David 16 He was a true believer 17-18 Mountains and birds joined him in praising God 19 He is endowed with a kingdom, wisdom etc. 20-23 He is rebuked by the two adversaries 23 ۩ 24 David repents his fault and is forgiven 25-27 He is exhorted to judge righteously 28 He receives the Book of Psalms
The story of Solomon 29 He is a devout servant of God 30-31 Reviewing his horses, he forgets his prayers 32 He slays the horses to atone for his neglect 33-34 The trial of the counterfeit body 35-39 The wind and the devils are made subject to Solomon
The story of Job 40 He cries to God in his calamity against Satan 41 God discovers fountains of water for his comfort 42 His family and property restored him double 43 He chastises his wife in fulfilment of his oath 43-44 He is patient and prayerful
45-48 Other prophets commended as examples of piety
49-55 Paradise, its glories described
55-58 Hell, its miseries delineated
59-61 Idolaters and their leaders shall mutually reproach each other in hell
62-64 They shall not find the Muslims there
65-68 Muhammad enjoined to preach against idolatry
69-74 The story of the creation of Adam and the fall of Iblis revealed to Muhammad
75-77 Iblīs refuses to worship Adam through pride
78-82 God curses Iblīs, but respites him till the resurrection-day
83-84 Iblís declares to God he will seduce mankind, except the servants of God
85 God declares his purpose to fill hell with Satan and his followers
86 Muhammad asks no reward for his services
87-88 The Quran an admonition yet to be vindicated before unbelievers
Historical context

Sura 38 substantiates Muhammad's role as Prophet through concrete examples of previous messengers of God and the evils that have befallen the people who did not heed sacred messages. Angelika Neuwirth, a German Quranic scholar, terms these “retribution legends”. They “prove that divine justice is at work in history, the unjustly harassed being rewarded with salvation, the transgressors and unbelievers punished by annihilation”. Through regular reference to biblical characters and a self-assertive tone praising both Muhammad and God, the reader can attribute this sura to the 2nd Meccan Period, according to Noldeke's chronology. The coherent text builds up to descriptions of both heaven and hell on the Day of Judgment. The wide scope of Biblical figures—ranging from Old Testament characters such as David, Solomon, and Job, to the devil of Islam, Iblis—were designed to resonate with a wide audience in the face of the disbelief among the Quaryash, Muhammad's clan; as Ernst poignantly states, Muhammad was likely dealing with “religiously well-informed skeptics”. Like many contemporary passages, Sura 38 attempts to convert the reader to a monotheistic religion honoring Muhammad as Prophet by promising salvation for true believers on the Day of Judgment.

General divisions of ''sura'' 38

Most Middle and Late Meccan suras can be divided into three sections by content and style- a tripartite division. Examination of the structure of a sura can make what seems like an elliptical compilation of sentences far more comprehensible. Symmetrical structure, also known as , can help both the novice and experienced reader find the central message. Sura 38 can first be divided into three primary sections: the first from verses 1–11; the second, 12–64; the third, 66–88. The first and third sections, similar in length, remind the reader of the power of God and the Qur'an by describing destruction and hell, the third section going so far as to describe the creation of evil: the fall of Iblis, who becomes Satan.
The larger center section gives examples of biblical figures like David, Solomon, and Job to Muhammad as Messengers who also faced adversity. In the middle portion of the sura, God concisely tells Muhammad to “Remember Our servants Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, all men of strength and vision. We caused them to be devoted to Us…with Us they will be among the elect, the truly good…This is a lesson”. The historical context of the sura confirms that this is indeed its central message: supposedly, Muhammad was struggling with rejection from his tribe, the Quraysh, so God sent this revelation to support and encourage him. As entrance to heaven is the final goal of Islam, nothing could serve as better inspiration to Muhammad to persevere in the face of adversity. Nevertheless, one must keep in mind that as Islam gained followers and adapted to continue its growth, the clear divisions within suras blur and texts slowly become lengthier and more expansive works; the reader cannot always find three, let alone two, clear-cut sections. Even within Sura 38, the subject and tone can shift every few verses from general descriptions of heaven and hell to short examples of specific prophets.

1-11 comments made by nonbelievers

The surah opens with comments made by nonbelievers confused by the Prophet’s portents.
Verse 8: the nonbelievers do not try to understand warnings: they blatantly “doubt”. God warns that they “have not tasted My torment yet”. He tells Muhammad to “bear their words patiently”, given the historical context of disbelief among the Quaryash. verse 17 recounts stories of specific messengers to the Prophet.

12-64 Transition to the Day of Judgment and hell

''Transition from general warnings to exemplar People of the Book and, later, a description of the Day of Judgment and hell.''

17 Patience

Patience : Muhammad is told to 'bear their words patiently' by God, “they” referring to the Quraysh, given the historical context of their disbelief. This marks the transition from generalizations about the disbelieving peoples of the past to stories of specific messengers.This is very true.

17-26 Story of David and the Two Litigants

The tone and style of Sura 38 become more specific, both in examples of previous prophets and their stories. For example: verses 17-26 chronicle David as he errs during a test God gives him, but quickly “fell down on his knees, and repented”. Unlike those of the early Meccan Period, suras of the 2nd Meccan Period often reference biblical characters as Muhammad tried to convert the Judeo-Christian population to Islam by finding common ground between their faiths. Though there is no evidence to prove this, it is believed that Muhummad was illiterate. Muhummad's inability to read supports the authenticity of his revelations from God as uninfluenced by any knowledge he could have gained from texts of the time. Muhummad's biblical references could have been common knowledge, but their broad range and sufficient clarity point to an omnipotent source greater than Muhummad alone, a role that God fits.
The crowds to whom Muhammad spoke likely already knew the story of David. According to the Bible, the story of David and the Two Litigants was a test of God. The Qur'anic version of the story differs slightly from the biblical version, but the ultimate message is the same. In the Muslim tradition, though David already has many wives, he asks a man to divorce his only wife because David wants her for himself. Disapproving David's selfishness, God sends two brothers, one with ninety-nine ewes, the other with only one, to David. He is asked to decide whether it is fair for the brother with ninety-nine ewes to take the only ewe of his brother, a clear parallel to David taking another man's only wife. As David tells the men that it is wrong for the one with many ewes to take the only ewe of his brother, he realizes the error of his ways, referencing his relations with Bathsheba, the former wife of Uriah the Hittite, and begs God for forgiveness as referenced in 2 Samuel 12.

30-40: Story of Solomon

The Qur'an also references Solomon, son of David, as a devoted Messenger who realizes the error of his ways and is forgiven by God. With further research, one uncovers the story referred to in Sura 38: Solomon is more devoted to his horses than to God, and misses prayer sessions while indulging in the hoofed creatures’ company. He justifies his obsession, saying, “My love of fine things is part of my remembering my Lord!” God knows this is not true, is displeased with the king and “ him to a mere skeleton on his throne” as punishment. Eventually Solomon realizes that God has been testing him. According to Muslim legend, Solomon slaughters all his horses to prove his devotion to God, and God forgives him, granting him great power over the earth.
Like the Qur'an does of David, Solomon's positive attributes are emphasized, even though he too “yielded to certain temptations on the road to faith”. However, Solomon was granted even greater powers by God than his father was. A particularly miraculous one was his over the wind, so that he could travel over his immense territory quickly. Solomon could speak to animals and was commander over a rank of jinn, or invisible spirits. The Torah even claims that God made Solomon so wise that kings from all over the land traveled to hear him speak..