Superkey


In the relational data model, a superkey is any set of attributes that uniquely identifies each tuple of a relation. Because superkey values are unique, tuples with the same superkey value must also have the same non-key attribute values. That is, non-key attributes are functionally dependent on the superkey.
The set of all attributes is always a superkey. Tuples in a relation are by definition unique, with duplicates removed after each operation, so the set of all attributes is always uniquely valued for every tuple. A candidate key is a superkey that can't be reduced to a simpler superkey by removing an attribute.
For example, in an employee schema with attributes employeeID, name, job, and departmentID, if employeeID values are unique then employeeID combined with any or all of the other attributes can uniquely identify tuples in the table. Each combination,,,, and so on is a superkey. is a candidate key, since no subset of its attributes is also a superkey. is the trivial superkey.
If attribute set K is a superkey of relation R, then at all times it is the case that the projection of R over K has the same cardinality as R itself.

Example

First, list out all the sets of attributes:
Second, eliminate all the sets which do not meet superkey's requirement. For example, cannot be a superkey because for the same attribute values, there are two distinct tuples:
Finally, after elimination, the remaining sets of attributes are the only possible superkeys in this example:
  • — this is also the candidate key
  • — this is also the trivial superkey.
In reality, superkeys cannot be determined simply by examining one set of tuples in a relation. A superkey defines a functional dependency constraint of a relation schema which must hold for all possible instance relations of that relation schema.