Sucre (state)
The Sucre State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Cumaná city. Sucre State covers a total surface area of and, as of the 2011 census, had a population of 896,921. The most important river in the state is the Manzanares River.
History
This Venezuelan state was the first Venezuelan land that was touched by the European navigator Christopher Columbus. The latter, impressed by the greenness of the flora, the coasts and the crystalline water of its beaches, called the place "Tierra de Gracia".Spanish colonization
The capital of the state is Cumaná, which was founded by Gonzalo de Ocampo in 1521, although Franciscan missionaries began to populate it in 1515. In 1530 it was hit by an earthquake, so it had to be rebuilt. On July 2, 1591, King Philip II of Spain granted Cumaná the title of city.In 1639, conflicts appeared in the Cumanacoa Valley, as the conqueror Juan de Urpín incorporated Cumanacoa into the territory of his ephemeral Governorate of New Barcelona and obtained authorization to found a colony there. On 18 February 1643, he founded the colony and gave it the name of Santa María de Cumanacoa. Some time later, the Cumanagoto tribe took over the colony and disappeared without a trace.
In the year 1700, by mandate of his Majesty Felipe V, he sent Captain Pedro Antonio Arias y González Manso to resolve the conflict in the Valley. An armed struggle begins with the indigenous tribe Cumanagotos, which maintained control of the valley. Positioning their ships in Carúpano, the siege began up to the Valley of Cumanacoa, a conflict that lasted two years that ended up restoring order and the recovery of all the lands by the Spanish Empire, with the surrender of the indigenous tribes of the region and especially the Cumanagoto. The region of the valley remains under the control of Captain Pedro Antonio Arias and Gonzalez Manso.
King Felipe V, pleased with this service to the Spanish Empire, sends him royal orders to establish himself permanently in the Valley with special powers of Governance, Justice and Commerce and to make it a territory that is not subject to the Governor of the province of Nueva Andalucía and Nueva Barcelona as well as his appointment as Señorío de San Baltazar de los Arias. In 1705 Captain Pedro Antonio Arias y González Manso founded the region of El Valle with the name of San Baltasar de los Arias, which was definitively preserved until the days of the dictatorship of General Juan Vicente Gomez.
In 1726, the province of Cumaná was composed of Cumaná, Guayana, Barcelona, Maturín and the island of Trinidad. This organization disintegrated as Guiana and Barcelona became independent provinces. In the year 1777, the Captaincy General of Venezuela was created, formed by seven provinces, among which was Cumaná.
Contemporary era
Following the events in Caracas in April 1810, commissioners arrived in Cumaná, and a meeting was called to form a Provisional Board, which assumed control of the province's government. Cumaná was one of 11 provinces created when Gran Colombia was disbanded and José Antonio Páez became president of Venezuela. The city was once again devastated by an earthquake in 1853.In 1891 the so-called Great State of Bermúdez was created, until 1898, when it finally adopted the name of "State of Sucre". In 1901 the State of Sucre was created, separated from Maturín, and in 1904 it was integrated again into the State of Bermúdez. By 1909 the limits of the States of Sucre and Monagas were definitively drawn as two separate entities.
The Cariaco earthquake in 1997 is considered the most serious to have occurred in Venezuela since the earthquake that affected Caracas on July 27, 1967. In this last earthquake, the surface rupture that occurred in the Pilar Fault segment was particularly irregular, with cosmic displacements of approximately 0.25 m and a process of soil shaking recorded on the coastline.
Geography
The State of Sucre is located in the east of Venezuela. It borders the Caribbean Sea to the north, the States of Monagas and Anzoátegui to the south, the Gulf of Paria to the east and the Gulf of Cariaco to the west. The name of this Venezuelan State is a tribute to the hero of independence, Grand Marshal Antonio José de Sucre, who was born in the city of Cumaná, which is the current capital of the State. It has an area of 11,800 square kilometers, representing 1.28% of the national total of Venezuela.The state of Sucre is located almost in the eastern cordillera; in the northern part is the double peninsula, which in the east is the peninsula of Paria and in the west is the peninsula of Araya, dividing the slopes of the rivers, which flow into the gulfs of Paria and Cariaco, respectively. The main heights of the Eastern Cordillera are Cerro Negro, Peonia, Majagual and Arrempuja, all of them at more than 1900 m., the highest point being the Turimiquire peak with its almost 2600 m.
Municipalities
- Andrés Eloy Blanco
- Andrés Mata
- Arismendi
- Benítez
- Bermúdez
- Bolívar
- Cajigal
- Cruz Salmerón Acosta
- Libertador
- Mariño
- Mejía
- Montes
- Ribero
- Sucre
- Valdez
Hydrography
Ríos Neverí, which crosses the city of Barcelona, Mochima and Manzanares, the latter of 81 km. and passes through the capital city of Cumaná. All of them flow into the Caribbean Sea.
In the Gulf of Cariaco, one of the main rivers of the State, the Carinicuao or Cariaco, which is 173 km long, pours its waters. Of lesser importance, but also from the same basin are the Cautaro, Tunantal, Guaracayal, Compondrón, San Pedro and Marigüitar.
In the Caribbean Sea basin, rivers of lesser importance such as the Chaure, Caribe, Unare and Cumaná flow into the river.
Finally, after traveling 173 km, the San Juan river deposits its waters in the Gulf of Paria, as do the Irapa, Aruca, Güiria, Guiramo, Grande, Manacal and Yoco rivers.
Relief
The relief of Sucre State is formed especially by mountainous landscapes, with some valleys not very extensive. The Turimiquire mountain range, to the southwest, shows a rough relief, with steep slopes and heights reaching 2500 meters, while the mountainous system of the Paria Peninsula is characterized by hills of lower elevation. The coast of Sugarcane, essentially towards the west, has all the characteristics of a sinking coast, deep, with large cliffs and scarce beach formation. In contrast, towards the southeast of the entity, in the Gulf of Paria, the land is very flat, with slopes of less than 1% and with insufficient drainage, which has turned it into swampy plains.Vegetation
The vegetation of Sucre State is xerophytic in the coastal areas and mountainous in the rural areas located in the Coastal Range; one can also find Caribbean beach plants and trees, such as coconut and cocoa trees, as well as the oak, which has been declared a State tree.In Paria the vegetation ranges from cloud forest at 1000 meters and annual rainfall calculated between 1000 and 1500 millimeters, to xerophytic as we approach the coast. Its warm and rainy climate is conducive to vegetation, which is home to species transported by the waters of the Orinoco River from Guyana and native species, which are only found in this area."
Fauna
The conditions that prevail in the area of the Paria Peninsula favor the presence of important bird species and subspecies new to science that live only inside the park, such as the colorful earwig hummingbird. Among the mammals are the white-faced capuchin monkey and the spiny rat, as well as deer, foxes, spider monkeys and báquiros.In the Eastern Cordillera bioregion, where almost the entire state is included Sucre, except for the muddy plain, 125 species of mammals have been recorded, equivalent to 38.2% of the national total. The largest number of species is found in the evergreen and cloud forests. So far no endemics have been found, and many species are common also in other nearby and distant bioregions, as is the case with the bat black mastiff - also distributed in the Central Cordillera -, the two-fingered guava sloth, the dwarf anteater, the common water mouse, the bat The Greater white bat and the White-winged sucker bat, species located in the deltaic and southern Orinoco bioregions.
Among the mammals reported in the bioregion, not including the Araya Peninsula find the common cachicamo, the cuchicuchi, the red deer. Including the Araya Peninsula,
The common fox, the savannah rabbit, the common porcupine, the common picure, the common squirrel and the cardon bat.
Most mammals are bats, which have an important role in the pollination of numerous plants and in the dispersal of seeds.
The swampy plain of the Ajíes-Río San Juan stream covers a small area of the bioregion of the deltaic system, where fewer mammals have been recorded, only 96, equivalent to 29.3% of the national total. However, there is an endemic and exclusive species, the Picure deltano, with a wide distribution in the Neotropics.
In this area there are three semi-aquatic species: the water opossum, the neotropical otter, and the giant otter. This is an area of global importance for the distribution of the manatee, since significant populations of this species have been found in the world.