Guthlac of Crowland


Saint Guthlac of Crowland was a Christian hermit and saint from Lincolnshire in England. He is particularly venerated in the Fens of eastern England.

Hagiography

Early life

Guthlac was the son of Penwalh or Penwald, a noble of the English kingdom of Mercia, and his wife Tette. Guthlac's sister is venerated as St Pega. As a young man, Guthlac fought in the army of King Æthelred of Mercia. He subsequently became a monk at Repton Abbey in Derbyshire at the age of 24, under the abbess there. Two years later he sought to live the life of a hermit, and moved out to the island of Croyland, now called Crowland, on St Bartholomew's Day, 699. His early biographer, Felix, writing in the early 8th century, asserts that Guthlac could understand the strimulentes loquelas of Brittonic-speaking demons who haunted him there, only because Guthlac had spent some time in exile among Celtic Britons.

Hermit

Guthlac built a small oratory and cells in the side of a plundered barrow on the island. There he lived until his death on 11 April 714. Felix, writing within living memory of Guthlac, described his hermit's existence:

Veneration

Guthlac's pious and holy ascetic life became the talk of the land, and many people visited the hermit during his life to seek spiritual guidance from him. He gave sanctuary to Æthelbald, future king of Mercia, who was fleeing from his cousin Ceolred. Guthlac predicted that Æthelbald would become king, and Æthelbald promised to build him an abbey if his prophecy became true. Æthelbald indeed became king, and even though Guthlac had died two years before, Æthelbald kept his word and started to build Crowland Abbey on St Bartholomew's Day, 716. Guthlac's feast day is celebrated on 11 April.
File:Guthlac-Bartholemew.png|thumb|left|St Guthlac, tormented by demons, is handed a scourge by St Bartholomew, Guthlac Roll, 1210, British Library
The 8th-century Latin Vita sancti Guthlaci, written by Felix, describes the entry of the demons into Guthlac's cell:
Felix records Guthlac's foreknowledge of his own death, conversing with angels in his last days. At the moment of death a sweet nectar-like odour emanated from his mouth, as his soul departed from his body in a beam of light while the angels sang. Guthlac had requested a lead coffin and linen winding-sheet from Ecgburh, Abbess of Repton Abbey, so that his funeral rites could be performed by his sister Pega. Arriving the day after his death, she found the island of Crowland filled with the scent of ambrosia. She buried the body on the mound after three days of prayer. A year later Pega had a divine calling to move the tomb and relics to a nearby chapel: Guthlac's body is said to have been discovered uncorrupted, his shroud shining with light. Subsequently Guthlac appeared in a miraculous vision to Æthelbald, prophesying that he would be a future King of Mercia.

Legacy

The cult of Guthlac continued amongst a monastic community at Crowland, with the eventual foundation of Crowland Abbey as a Benedictine establishment in 971. A series of fires at the abbey mean that few records survive from before the 12th century. It is known that in 1136 the remains of Guthlac were moved once more, and that finally in 1196 his shrine was placed above the main altar.
The Yorkshire village of Golcar on the outskirts of Huddersfield is named after St Guthlac, who preached in the area during the 8th century. The name of the village is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Goullakarres. Scholar of early modern British history, Paul Cavill discusses in a 2015 essay the origins of the name Guthlac and whether his hagiographer Felix intended to convey that the saint was named after his tribe and land, or if, instead, these were named in honour of Guthlac.
It has been proposed that Shakespeare drew on a lost play based on St Guthlac when writing his play The Tempest.

Historiography

His first hagiographer, Felix of Crowland composed Guthlac's vita within a decade or two of the hermits's death. Based on textual evidence within the vita, the medieval historian Bertram Colgrave suggests it was most likely written between 730 and 740. Its latest possible date of composition is 749 when its commissioner, Ælfwald of East Anglia diedFelix states in his prologue that he is writing at his king's, Ælfwald's, command. It was written in Anglo-Latin, and follows the traditional patterns for hagiographies. The survival of many early manuscript copies and the use of Felix's text as the source for later vernacular Old English-language adaptations attest the work's influence in the spread of Guthlac's cult.
A short Old English sermon and a longer prose translation into Old English are both based on Felix's Vita. There are also two poems in Old English known as Guthlac A and Guthlac B, part of the tenth-century Exeter Book, the oldest surviving collection of English poetry. The relationship of Guthlac A to Felix's Vita is debated, but Guthlac B is based on Felix's account of the saint's death.
The story of Guthlac is told pictorially in the Guthlac Roll, a set of detailed illustrations of the early 13th century. This is held in the British Library, with copies on display in Crowland Abbey.
Another account, also dating from after the Norman Conquest, was included in the Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, which like the Guthlac Roll was commissioned by the Abbot of Crowland Abbey. At a time when it was being challenged by the crown, the Abbey relied significantly on the cult of Guthlac, which made it a place of pilgrimage and healing. That is reflected in a shift in the emphasis from the earlier accounts of Felix and others. The post-conquest accounts portray him as a defender of the church rather than a saintly ascetic; instead of dwelling in an ancient burial mound, they depict Guthlac overseeing the building of a brick and stone chapel on the site of the abbey.

Churches and dedications

Churches and other places named for Guthlac are predominantly located in the Fens and East Midlands of England, where he was an important saint into Norman times.
The Benedictine St Guthlac's Priory was founded early in the 12th century in Hereford, near the still extant church of St Guthlac at Little Cowarne. The priory was ruined in, and relocated to a site near the present St. Guthlac Street, Hereford. It was disestablished during the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538.

St Guthlac Fellowship

Formed in 1987, St Guthlac's Fellowship is an association of churches sharing a dedication to St Guthlac. Its fellows, all Anglican churches except where noted, are listed below:
Located in Leicestershire:
Located in Lincolnshire:

Primary sources

  • Felix Vita Sancti Guthlaci. . Translations
  • *

  • Secondary sources

  • Primary hagiographical materials

  • Old English prose translation–adaptation of the Life of St Guthlac by Felix:
  • *Gonser, P., ed.. "Das angelsächsische Prosa-Leben des heiligen Guthlac". Anglistische Forschungen 27. Heidelberg.
  • Two chapters from the Old English prose adaptation as incorporated into Vercelli Homily 23
  • *Scragg, D. G., ed.. The Vercelli Homilies and Related Texts. EETS 300. Oxford: University Press.
  • Guthlac A and Guthlac B :
  • *Roberts, Jane, ed.. The Guthlac Poems of the Exeter Book. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • *Krapp, G. and E. V. K. Dobbie, eds.. The Exeter Book. Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records 3. pp. 49–88.
  • *Bradley, S. A. J. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. London: Everyman, 1982.
  • *
  • Harley Roll or Guthlac Roll
  • *Warner, G. F., ed.. The Guthlac Roll. Roxburghe Club. 25 plates in facsimile

    Scholarly works

  • Cubitt, Catherine. "Memory and narrative in the cult of early Anglo-Saxon saints". In Yitzhak Hen; Matthew Innes. The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages. pp.2966. Cambridge University Press...
  • Nuding, Emma. "Gazing on Guthlacian Reliques: John Clare's Pilgrim-Tourists and St Guthlac of Crowland". John Clare Society Journal. 41: 25–44.
  • Nuding, Emma. "Monastic Ecopoetics in the Thirteenth-Century Fens: Henry de Avranches' Vita Guthlaci". Medieval Ecocriticisms 3.
  • Olsen, Alexandra Hennessey. Guthlac of Croyland: A Study of Heroic Hagiography. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America..
  • Powell, Stephen D. . "The Journey Forth: Elegiac Consolation in Guthlac B." English Studies. 79: 489–500.
  • Roberts, Jane. "An inventory of early Guthlac materials". Mediaeval Studies. 32: 193–233.
  • Roberts, Jane. "The Old English Prose Translation of Felix's Vita Sancti Guthlaci". In Paul E. Szarmach. Studies in Earlier Old English Prose: Sixteen Original Contributions. Albany, New York, US: State University of New York Press. pp. 363–379.
  • Roberts, Jane. . Fursey Occasional Paper No. 3. Norwich, UK: Fursey Pilgrims. pp. 1–36.
  • Sharma, Manish. "A Reconsideration of Guthlac A: The Extremes of Saintliness". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 101: 185–200.
  • Shook, Laurence K.. "The Burial Mound in Guthlac A". Modern Philology. 58 : 1–10.
  • Soon Ai, Low. "Mental Culturation in Guthlac B". Neophilologus. 81: 625–636.