Shahpuri dialect
Shahpuri is a western dialect of Punjabi, primarily spoken in the former Shahpur District in what are now Sargodha and Khushab districts.
Geographic distribution and classification
Its name is derived from the former Shahpur District. Grierson considered Shahpuri to be representative of Lahnda, but later opinions by Shackle and Masica have re-classified it as a general dialect of Punjabi, with certain Multani dialect features. Wagha rejects the validity of Shahpuri as a distinct linguistic entity, and instead suggests all the intermediate dialects spoken in the Bars from Sargodha to Pakpattan, including Jhangi, to be merged into one.It is mostly spoken in Sargodha District and Khushab District. It is also spoken in the neighbouring districts of Jhang, Chiniot, Mandi Bahauddin, Khanewal, Sahiwal and Bhakkar. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chenab River, traversing the Jhelum River.
Jatki dialect is a common name for the Jhangvi dialect, Shahpuri dialect and Dhani dialect. Sometimes also termed as Rachnavi dialect, the glotlog codes for these are:
- shah1266
- jatk1238
- jang1253
- dhan1272
Notable Features
In common with Thali and Hindko, there is a class of two-syllable nouns that mark case distinctions by vowel alternation. The case suffixes of the older language have dropped, leaving the assimilated root vowels as the only indicator of the case: /jʌŋɡʊl/ ~ /jʌŋɡəl/ /jʌŋɡɪl/. Grierson explains this by substratal Dardic influence, whereas Shackle finds it more plausible that it is the result of Shahpuri's central position between areas favouring one or another vowel in these contexts.
Grammar
Continuous Tense
Like most Punjabi dialects, Shahpuri also uses the past-tense inflections of paiṇā to signify the continuous tense.The place of "pyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.
"Tusī̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karenday o", meaning "You are doing a very good thing"
"Tū̃ bahoon changā kamm krendā ain pyā", meaning "You are doing a very good thing"
"Sāḍā hāl kehṛā puchhdā ãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday, meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress"
"Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o", meaning "You are wasting the trust people have in you"
"Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye". meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves"
"Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin" or "Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan", meaning "Bicycles are being sold here"
Future Tense
The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā.This tense is also utilized in Pothwari, Hindko, Saraiki and other Western Punjabi dialects.
Past Tense
The past tense in the Jatki dialects differs from that of Eastern Punjabi.Present Tense
The present tense of non-causative verbs in Jatki may involve the addition of -eyndā, while causative verbs may attain either -eyndā or -āandā. The future tense changes accordingly.Verbs that have a causative form, rarely acquire -eyndā, for example, Mardā cannot become Mareyndā as that is the present form of Maarnā.
However, Mannnā and Mannāvnā both can be said as Maneyndā in the present form.
Verbs like āvan and lyāvan will not take -eyndā, as they lack a passive form, so they are either said as -āndā or -aundā
The progressive tense is built upon the present tense, and is used in all Punjabi dialects. It is made by ending the verb with -eān in the present form.
For example, "to be doing" or "while doing", can be either kardeān or kareyndeān.
Passive Tense
The Jatki dialects have a special passive tense for most verbs.The present passive is made by adding -eendā, past passive by adding -eevyā/eeyā, subjunctive by adding -eevay and -eevan, progressive by adding -eendeān, gerundive passive by adding -eevna/eejna and future passive by adding -eesi. The continuous passive is built upon the present passive by adding pyā, while perfect passive is built by adding gyā to the past passive.
Varteendā, Varteenday, Varteevay/Varteejay, Varteevan/Varteejan, Varteevyā, Vartee-gyā, Varteenda-pyā, Varteendeān, Varteevna/Varteejna, Varteesi, Vartee-veysi or Vartee-jaasi, Vartee-veynda or Vartee-jaanda.
Note: The past passive in Shahpuri is made by adding -eevyā, in Jhangochi by adding -eeyaā, Dhani is made by adding -eetā, and in Thalochi it is made by adding -eechā.
Some verbs may attain this form without any change in usage or meaning, such as:
ਬਵ੍ਹਣਾ ਉਠੀਵਣਾ / بہوَنا اُٹھِیونا, being the same as ਉੱਠਣਾ / اُٹھّنا
ਦਿਸੀਂਦਾ / دِسِیندا, being the same as ਦਿੱਸਦਾ / دِسّدا
Proverb example: Heṭṭhon utton vaḍḍheeveeye taan ḍakk sadeendaa
'
Note: The past tense of Marnā is Moyā and the past passive tense is ''Mareejā'''''
Agentive Tense
The agentive tense of verb in Punjabi is either shown in the standard manner by adding the words "āalā" or "laggeā".For example, "He is to come" or "He is about to come" is spoken as Oh aavan aalā/laggeā ae.
In Jatki, another manner exists where the root verb is suffixated by adding -oo
Examples:
Tun kitthay jaaoo/vanjoo ain?
Oh kay karoo ae?
Ajj mein tuhānu hik ehjihi gall sunāoo aan
Tuseen ohnu deoo o ke menu deoo o?
''Ghaabarda kyon pya ain? Saanu vi miloo ae''
Vocabulary
Present Plural Marker
The dialects of Jatki Punjabi use Hin or No to signify the present plural tense. These are dialectal forms of "Han" and "Ne" respectively."Do janey hin/no", meaning "There are two people".
The word "hin" may be attached with the verb colloquially.
"Oh menū̃ dassdin", meaning "They tell me".
"Bahū̃ vādey keetin" ، meaning "Made many promises"
The word Heņ may also be used.
Words for "Then/Again"
Words like Vatt or Muṛ and its variant pronunciation Munṛ are used instead of the Standard Punjabi Phir."Halā vatt ki hoya?", meaning "Alright, what happened then?".
"Tenu vatt vii aas praai rahi", meaning "Even then, you had hopes for some other", a lyric from "Changean Naseeban de Shah", by Talib Hussain Dard
Words for "Going"
Words like Vaj̈aṇ and Jāwaṇ are both used."Kithay vendā/jāndā pyā ain?", meaning "Where are you going?"
Words for "Someone" and "What"
For "what", Jatki either uses the common word Kii or the Western word Kay 'For "someone", Jatki may use either the standard Kisay or another word that is Kaheeṇ'' '''
Words for "That"
Ba, Bai or Jo are used, as opposed to ke in Standard Punjabi.Mein tuhaanu dassaan bai aes ton changga mein pehlon kaday nhi vekhya
Kaday vi mein nahi aakhya jo tun menu kujh desein taahin mein tenu kujh desaan
Tuseen inj keeta karo ba menu dass ditta karo
Menu pata ae ba khoon rattaa ae, tey hetna rattaa ae jo teray hatthaan tey mehndi lagsi
Similarly, Kyunjo ' is used for Kyunke, and Taanjo' is used for Taake.''
Supporting Verbs
In Jatki, many verbs exist to support the adjoining verb, giving the same meaning as de/dittaa/devay/desi.De chaa, is the same as De de, meaning "Give it"
Rakkh chhaḍḍ, is the same as Rakkh de, meaning "Place it"
Chaa karay, is the same as Kar devay, meaning "Someone do it"
Other examples:
Chaa keetaa, meaning "Done it"
Mukaa chhoryaa, meaning "Finished it"
Pivaa chaa, meaning "Get me to drink"
Laah satto, meaning "Remove it"
Bhann sattyaa, meaning "Broke it"
Hun dass vi chhaḍḍo, meaning "Now tell already"
Koi ghatt chhaḍḍay, meaning "Someone come and pour it"
Mein ohnu de chhaḍḍsaan, meaning "I will give him"
Maar ghattsan, meaning "Will come and beat"
The verb "Vattnā"
In its past form Vadā, it can either show continuous action or a state of being, depending on the main verb's form.In the latter case, Khalā and Khlotā may also be used.
Menu bhukkh laggi vadi/khali/pyi ae
Menu bhukkh laggdi vadi/pyi ae
Oh chendā vadā/pyā ae
Oh chaai vadā/khalā ae
Ukkā moye vaday āen
Oh khādhi khalā hosi
Ohnu treh laggi vadi/khloti ae
Mein kamm mukaai vadā/khalā/khlotā aa'n
Mein dhammi da progam keeti khalā/vadā/khlotā/pyā aa'n
Rujjhay vaday o, naveān saangeān vich
In other forms, the verb Vattnā, depicts a continuity in an action, and is synonymous with the word Phirnā.
Hyaati saari nassdyān vattnā/phirnā
Oh tenu kay kujh ghalldā vattdā/phirdā ee?
Beyli ruṭṭhā vadā hove tey aseen jeende vateeye/phireeye?
''Mein injay tue'n magar laggya vattaa'n/phiraa'n?''