Seaslug (missile)
Seaslug was a first-generation surface-to-air missile developed by Armstrong Whitworth for use by the Royal Navy. Its origins date back to the 1943 LOPGAP project. The missile entered operational service in 1961 and remained in use until the early 1980s, including during the 1982 Falklands War.
Designed to engage high-altitude targets such as reconnaissance aircraft or bombers before they could launch stand-off weapons, Seaslug was fitted only to the eight County-class destroyers, which were purpose-built around the system. The missile was fired in combat at an airborne target on a single occasion, by during the Falklands War, but failed to hit its target, although it was later used against surface targets.
Seaslug's medium-range role was initially intended to be replaced by the long-range Blue Envoy missile. However, Blue Envoy was cancelled in favour of a new medium-range system, Sea Dart. Sea Dart entered service in 1973 aboard the Type 82 destroyer and gradually replaced Seaslug as the s were withdrawn from service during the 1980s.
Development
Initial concept
In 1943, the German Luftwaffe began the use of anti-shipping missiles and guided bombs in the Mediterranean Sea during Allied operations against Italy. These weapons were released outside of anti-aircraft gun range, which meant that naval operations lacking complete air superiority would be open to attack with no effective response from the ships. A solution for long-range anti-aircraft was required. On 16 March 1944 the first meeting of the "Guided Anti-Aircraft Projectile Committee", was held.The Admiralty Signals Establishment, in charge of the Navy's radar development, was working on new radars featuring radar lock-on that allowed them to accurately track aircraft at long range. This was part of the LRS.1 fire-control system that allowed large dual-purpose guns to attack bombers at long range. A contemporary British Army project at Cossors, Brakemine, was working on a system to allow a missile to keep itself centred within a radar beam, a concept known today as beam riding. The Navy decided to combine the two concepts, using the LRS.1's Type 901 radar with a new missile that differed from Brakemine primarily in requiring longer range and being more robust for shipborne use.
In December 1944, GAP put out a Naval Staff Target for a new anti-aircraft weapon, capable of attacking targets at altitudes up to and speeds of up to. This project was briefly known as LOPGAP, short for "Liquid Oxygen and Petrol Guided Anti-aircraft Projectile", but soon moved from petrol to methanol which made the "LOP" inaccurate.
LOPGAP
The Fairey Aviation Company at this time was working on a missile project for the Ministry of Supply, Stooge. Stooge was more like an armed drone aircraft than a missile. It was flown to a location in front of the target and then cruised toward it until its warhead was triggered by the operator. It was designed primarily to defeat kamikaze attacks at short range. Its low speed and manual guidance meant it was not useful for interceptions outside the immediate area of the ship, and thus did not meet the need for a longer-ranged missile capable of dealing with stand-off weapons.Accordingly, Fairey was ordered to stop work on Stooge in favour of LOPGAP. Development was slowed by the Air Ministry who were opposed to the project as it might take resources away from jet fighter production and a lack of urgency on the part of both the Admiralty and Ministry of Supply.
A March 1945 report called for the first test launches of LOPGAP from converted QF 3.7-inch air-aircraft gun mounts within two months. The same mounts had also been used, with different modifications, for Stooge and Brakemine. They predicted the final system would be about long and a twin-launcher would take up about the same room as a twin 5.25-inch gun turret. An April Staff Target called for the system to be able to engage an aircraft flying at at altitudes up to with a maximum weight of.
Move to RAE
In 1945 a new Guided Projectiles Establishment was set up under the Controller of Supplies and in 1946 development of all ongoing missile projects moved to the Royal Aircraft Establishment's new Controlled Weapons Department, soon to become the Guided Weapons Department. They began considering the beam riding concept in partnership with the Telecommunications Research Establishment, the deliberately oddly-named department of the Air Ministry responsible for radar development. Over the next year, first Brakemine and then Stooge were moved to the RAE.In a January 1947 Navy review, the program was given the name Seaslug. This called for a significantly larger weapon than initially envisioned, capable of single-stage vertical launch, a warhead of and an all-up weight of. Development continued as before but was significantly hampered by the post-war exodus of engineering talent. Shortly after the new definition was produced, this project also moved to the RAE. Efforts by the Navy to change the name from Seaslug to the more ominous-sounding "Triumph" failed.
Development slowed, and in July 1947 the Admiralty approached Henry Tizard to argue for a more "virile leadership" of the program. Tizard called a meeting of the Defence Research Policy Committee and started a process of pushing through four key missile programs that were intended to enter service in 1957, Seaslug, a longer ranged Army/Air Force surface-to-air missile known as Red Heathen, the Blue Boar television guided glide bomb, and the Red Hawk air-to-air missile.
In March 1948 a new report from the DRPC noted there was not enough manpower for all four projects, and put Seaslug at the bottom of the priority list, claiming air attack would be less likely than submarine in the event of war. They suggested the much longer ranged Red Heathen was more important in the short term. The Admiralty was of another opinion on the matter and argued against the change in priority.
The Navy found an unlikely ally in the Army, who were concerned that Red Heathen was too difficult to move to in a single step and suggested that Seaslug might be the basis for a more immediate medium-range weapon that could be used both on land and sea. The DPRC also began to have concerns about accurately guiding Red Heathen at its desired maximum range. In September 1948 they agreed to develop Seaslug "as a matter of insurance", before further upgrading it in 1949 to "top priority". As a result of these changes, the program was seen as having two stages, Stage 1 would deliver missiles in the mid-1950s with roughly range with capability mostly against subsonic targets, and a Stage 2 of the early 1960s would have a greatly extended range on the order of and able to attack supersonic aircraft.
Experimental systems
Two test systems emerged from this centralization. The CTV.1 was a small unpowered Brakemine-like system devoted to the development of the guidance systems, launched using three RP-3 rocket motors and controlled through the coast phase. A series of CTV designs followed, providing ever-increasing amounts of telemetry for the guidance and control systems work. GAP became a purely research-oriented system, RTV.1, as opposed to a prototype missile design, and was used primarily as a platform for testing the rocket motors. The GAP/RTV.1 efforts would be directed at the Stage 1 design, which would essentially be the Seaslug requirement.The relatively small CTV could safely be launched at the Larkhill Range, part of the Royal School of Artillery. It was equipped with a parachute that allowed it to be recovered. This was not possible for the much longer-ranged RTV, which was fired from RAF Aberporth out over Cardigan Bay in Wales. The desire to reclaim the RTVs as well led to the opening of a parallel launch facility at the RAAF Woomera Range Complex and a program that led development of supersonic parachutes.
As RTV testing continued, the decision was made to build a larger version, RTV.2, which would be more typical of a production missile. During early testing, the design was further modified and renamed GPV, for General Purpose Test Vehicle. Several liquid rocket motors were tested as part of this program. Early tests demonstrated shifts in the center of gravity that required active damping, which in turn led to the lengthening of the overall fuselage to become the "long round". This version used forward-mounted boosters, which were mounted so their exhaust was just in front of the mid-mounted wings.
Project 502
As experimental work progressed, the Ministry of Supply began forming an industry team to build production systems. In 1949 this gave rise to the 'Project 502' group from industry, with Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft and Sperry in March and GEC in September.The 29 July 1949 update of the Staff Target called for a maximum range of and a minimum of. Maximum altitude should be 55,000 ft, but 45,000 would be considered acceptable. A further update pushed the range to against a, later, target. It was assumed the targets would "jink" at 1G, so the missile needed to maneuver at 4G at sea level and 2.5G at 40,000 ft. Additional requirements were the ability to switch between targets in 6 seconds.
The designers ultimately selected a maximum range of 30,000 yards, which included of coasting after motor burn-out. This was about 50% better than the contemporary US Terrier design. Hit probability was estimated to be 40% at maximum range, so salvos of three missiles would be fired at once, demanding a three-place launcher. This was later reduced back to a twin-launcher when it was realized accessing the missile in the middle launcher would make maintenance difficult.
Changing requirements
When the deployment of the Seaslug was first being considered, three classes of custom missile-firing ships were considered. The Task Force Ship would be capable of and would tasked with fleet air defence, the Ocean Convoy Escort was a vessel that would provide direct cover over seagoing convoys, while the Coastal Convoy Escort would do the same for ships travelling closer to shore. At that time it was believed that aircraft carriers would be able to provide adequate cover over convoys or fleets in the ocean, so attention turned to the Coastal Convoy Escort. Beginning in May 1953 a Beachy Head-class repair ship,, was converted into a prototype escort ship to test this fitting.For this role, maximum storage density was essential, so the initial design featured a single booster rocket mounted at the missile’s base. This resulted in a very long missile that caused handling issues on small ships. Like most contemporary designs, the single inline booster was eventually replaced by four smaller boosters wrapped around the fuselage, reducing the overall length to about 20 ft. These boosters were positioned within the diameter defined by the missile’s wings, so they did not increase its storage diameter. However, if one booster failed to fire, the thrust would become significantly off-axis. This problem was later mitigated by moving the boosters forward, placing their exhaust near the missile’s centre of gravity, which allowed the small control surfaces to maintain effectiveness despite asymmetric thrust. By comparison, the American Terrier missile was shorter at 13 ft 6 in, but employed an additional tandem booster, bringing its total length to 28 ft 6 in.
In 1954, during another review of the Navy's future operations, consideration turned from a "hot war" against the Soviets to a series of "warm wars" in the third world. Among other changes brought about by this review, including the cancellation of a future all-gun cruiser class and ending further conversion of WWII-era destroyers to Type 15 frigates, the new environment meant that air cover by carriers could not be guaranteed, and the need for air defence for task-force sized groups became the primary concern. A cut to carrier construction, capping the fleet at four, released funds for missile ship construction. In October 1954, a new design emerged that demanded the speed to keep up with a fleet in combat, have guns limited to self-defence, and carrying a single twin-missile launcher.
The designs were continually modified in order to find a suitable arrangement. They started as early as 1953 with a mid-sized cruiser of carrying 60 to 90 missiles and a crew of 900. Admiral Ralph Edwards pointed out it would be more useful to have a larger number of small ships with 10 to 20 missiles than one larger one, but attempts to design such a ship resulted in one with room for the weapons but not the crew needed to operate them. In May 1955 a wide variety of plans for designs between the two extremes were compared, ranging from 9,850 tons down to 4,550. After continual comparison and revision, these plans finally gelled around what became the County-class destroyer.