STM-1


The STM-1 is the SDH ITU-T fiber optic network transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s. Higher levels go up by a factor of 4 at a time: the other currently supported levels are STM-4, STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256. Above STM-256 wavelength-division multiplexing is commonly used in submarine cabling.

Frame structure

The STM-1 frame is on the basic transmission format for SDH. An STM-1 frame has a byte-oriented structure with 9 rows and 270 columns of bytes, for a total of 2,430 bytes. Each byte corresponds to a 64 kbit/s channel.
770px
TOH: Transport Overhead
VC4: Virtual Container-4 payload
  • : Path Overhead

Frame characteristic

The STM-1 base frame is structured with the following characteristics:Length: 270 column × 9 row = 2430 bytesByte: 1-byte = 8 bitDuration : 125 μs i.e. 8000 frame/sRate : 2430 × 8 × 8000 = 155.52 Mbit/sPayload = 2349 bytes × 8 bits × 8000 frames/sec = 150.336 Mbit/s

RSOH (regenerator section overhead)

  • 1st row = Unscrambled bytes. Their contents should therefore be monitored
  • X = Bytes reserved for national use
  • D = Bytes depending on the medium
The Regenerator Section OverHead uses the first three rows & nine columns in the STM-1 frameA1, A2 The Frame Alignment Word is used to recognize the beginning of an STM-N frameA1: 1111 0110 = F6 A2: 0010 1000 = 28 J0: Path Trace. It is used to give a path through an SDH Network a "Name". This message enables the receiver to check the continuity of its connection with the desired transmitterB1: Bit Error Monitoring. The B1 Byte contains the result of the parity check of the previous STM frame, after scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is carried out with a Bit Interleaved Parity check.E1 Engineering Orderwire. It can be used to transmit speech signals between Regenerator Sections for operating and maintenance purposesF1 User Channel. It is used to transmit data and speech for service and maintenanceD1 to D3 Data Communication Channel at 192 kbit/s. This channel is used to transmit management information via the STM-N frames

MSOH (multiplex section overhead)

X = Bytes reserved for national use.
The Multiplex Section OverHead uses the 5th through 9th rows, and first 9 columns in the STM-1 frame.B2 : Bit Error Monitoring. The B2 Bytes contains the result of the parity check of the previous STM frame, except the RSOH, before scrambling of the actual STM frame. This check is carried out with a Bit Interleaved Parity check K1, K2 Automatic Protection Switching. In case of a failure, the STM frames can be routed new with the help of the K1, K2 Bytes through the SDH Network. Assigned to the multiplexing section protection protocolK2 MS_RDI: Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication D4 to D12 Data Communication Channel at 576 kbit/s. S1 Synchronisation quality level:
  • * 0000 Quality unknown
  • * 0010 G.811 10-11/day frequency drift
  • * 0100 G.812T transit 10-9 /day frequency drift
  • * 1000 G.812L local 2*10-8/day frequency drift
  • * 1011 G.813 5*10-7/day frequency drift
  • * 1111 Not to be used for synchronisationE2 Engineering Order wire. Same function as E1 in RSOHM1 MS_REI: Multiplex Section Remote Error Indicator, number of interleaved bits which have been detected to be erroneous in the received B2 bytes. Z1, Z2 Spare bytes