SAE J444


SAE J444 is a standard issued by SAE International that establishes a uniform system for designating and controlling the particle-size distribution of cast steel shot and grit used in abrasive blasting and shot peening. Together with related chemistry and hardness standards such as SAE J827 for high-carbon shot and SAE J1993 for high-carbon grit, it underpins media specifications across the automotive industry, aerospace manufacturing and other engineering sectors.

History

The scheme later codified as J444 developed from ad-hoc sizing charts used by North American foundries, including Ervin Industries in the 1940s and 1950s, where nominal sieve openings were quoted in ten-thousandths of an inch for shot and by ASTM whole-number sieves for grit. The first publicly traceable edition appears in the 1984 SAE Handbook, which the international abrasive standard series ISO 11124 later cited verbatim.
A substantive revision in May 1993, published as Cast Shot and Grit Size Specifications for Peening and Cleaning, brought grit classifications into the same document and rationalised the “all-pass” and “max-retained” sieve bands still in force.
Maintenance updates followed in June 2010 and September 2012. The 2012 edition corrected a typographical error in the S-460 screening limits that had been identified during Nadcap audits and logged in the Shot Peener specifications database.
The current edition, issued September 2023, adds metric conversions, updates the reference to ASTM E11-22 and includes an annex on laser diffraction sizing methods.

Specifications

J444 assigns shot sizes the prefix S followed by a number equal to the nominal sieve opening in ten-thousandths of an inch. Grit sizes take prefix G with the whole-number sieve designation from ASTM E11. For each size the standard specifies an all-pass sieve, an upper percentage that may be retained on an intermediate sieve and a lower cumulative percentage that must pass finer sieves.
Shot-peening researchers treat these limits as boundary conditions in modelling work. David Kirk reported in a 2009 Shot Peener study that the bandwidth for S-170 permits a 22-to-1 spread in individual particle mass, materially affecting residual stress.
A 2022 finite-element investigation published in Metals found that working mixtures drift outside the J444 bandwidth after prolonged use, necessitating periodic sieve testing to maintain conformity.
Although J444 is silent on chemistry and hardness, companion documents such as SAE J827 for high-carbon shot and SAE J2175 for low-carbon shot explicitly follow its size numbers, making J444 the de facto dimensional reference for all ferrous shot media.

Adoption

Original-equipment-manufacturer drawings for transmission gears, valve springs and landing gear forgings typically invoke AMS 2431 shot-media clauses, which defer to J444 for size grading. Leaf-spring manufacturers likewise specify replenishment mixes centred on S-460, with compliance verified against the J444 sieve curve.
Abrasive suppliers market products by the S- and G-codes defined in J444. A 2024 note from Winoa lists the practice ahead of chemistry standards, underscoring its role as the primary dimensional yardstick in the Americas and Asia–Pacific.
Military and corporate procedures also incorporate the practice: MIL-S-13165 and Curtiss-Wright manuals both list SAE J444 among their baseline documents.