SSM-N-8 Regulus
The SSM-N-8A Regulus, also known as the Regulus I and RGM-6, is a nuclear-capable turbojet-powered second generation cruise missile operated by the US Navy between 1955 and 1964. Its development was an outgrowth of U.S. Navy tests conducted with the German V-1 missile at Naval Air Station Point Mugu in California. Its barrel-shaped fuselage resembled that of numerous fighter aircraft designs of the era, but without a cockpit. Test articles of the Regulus were equipped with landing gear and could take off and land like an airplane. When the missiles were deployed they were launched from a rail launcher, and equipped with a pair of Aerojet JATO bottles on the aft end of the fuselage.
History
Design and development
Background
Nazi Germany's use of the V-1 flying bomb during World War II marked the first combat deployment of a cruise missile, highlighting the potential of a new class of weapon. Even before Germany's surrender, the United States captured, reverse-engineered, and mass-produced its own version of the V-1, the Republic-Ford JB-2 Loon, intended for use against Japan. With the war's end and the onset of the Cold War, the U.S. sought new ways to deploy nuclear warheads. One proposal, put forward by Captain Thomas Klakring, was to launch nuclear missiles from submarines. He argued that submarines would be far more difficult to detect and attack than surface ships, such as aircraft carriers, while also introducing a new method of warhead delivery beyond aircraft. At the time, bombers were the U.S. military's only means of delivering nuclear warheads, a reliance that threatened to diminish the Navy's role and overemphasize a single approach to nuclear strategy.Klakring proposed launching the Loon from submarines to test his concept. Work began in 1946, and by 1947, USS Cusk became the first U.S. submarine to fire a guided missile. Testing continued for several years, but significant issues arose. Cusk nearly sank when a Loon exploded on deck, and the missile itself was slow, had limited range and payload, and was impractical for military use. Despite these shortcomings, the tests successfully demonstrated how a submarine could surface, launch a missile, and submerge again, making it difficult for an enemy to retaliate. The Navy acknowledged the concept’s potential but recognized the need for a missile specifically designed for submarine deployment.
Development
Development of such a missile began with Grumman's SSM-N-6 Rigel and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory's SSM-N-2 Triton. However, work did not begin in earnest until August of 1947, days after the United States Army Air Force awarded a contract for the ground-based MGM-1 Matador cruise missile. The Navy, not wanting to lose its edge in missile development, began Project Regulus with the same equipment used in the Matador. On 17 November 1947, a contract was awarded to Chance Vought, which previously investigated a similar project as part of a study on "pilotless missiles". The company, desperate for government contracts as the money-making F4U Corsair production line was nearing an end, focused on a practical design that could be brought into service quickly. With its survival at stake, the company invested heavily in research and development, drawing from experience with jet fighter projects such as the broadly similar F6U Pirate. The Navy initially planned on having each missile be operational in a sequential order, starting with the simple Regulus and ending with the more complex but capable Triton in 1960. However, both the Rigel and Triton were powered by ramjets, which presented a significant challenge as the technology was too immature for immediate use, eventually leading to both programs' cancellation.Design
The contract required the missile to have a range of at Mach 0.85, a warhead, and a circular error probable of. Regulus was designed to be long, in wingspan, in diameter, and would weigh between. The missile somewhat resembled the contemporary F-84 Thunderjet fighter aircraft, but without a cockpit, and test versions were equipped with landing gear so that they could be recovered and re-used. After launch, Regulus would be guided toward its target by control stations, typically by submarines or surface ships equipped with guidance equipment. It could also be flown remotely by chase aircraft.. Army-Navy competition complicated both the Matador's and the Regulus' developments. The missiles looked alike and used the same engine. They had nearly identical performances, schedules, and costs. Under pressure to reduce defense spending, the United States Department of Defense ordered the Navy to determine if Matador could be adapted for their use. The Navy concluded that the Navy's Regulus could perform the Navy mission better.Regulus had some advantages over Matador. It required only two guidance stations while Matador required three. It could also be launched quicker, as Matador's boosters had to be fitted while the missile was on the launcher while Regulus was stowed with its boosters attached. Finally, Chance Vought built a recoverable version of the missile, designated KDU-1 and also used as a target drone, so that even though a Regulus test vehicle was more expensive to build, Regulus was cheaper to use over a series of tests. The Navy program continued, and the first Regulus flew in March 1951.
Due to its size and regulations concerning oversize loads on highways, Chance Vought collaborated with a firm that specialized in trucking oversize loads to develop a special tractor trailer combination which could move a Regulus I missile.
Ships and submarines deployed with Regulus I
The first launch from a submarine occurred in July 1953 from the deck of, a World War II fleet boat modified to carry Regulus. Tunny and her sister boat were the United States's first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines. They were joined in 1958 by two purpose-built Regulus submarines, and, and, later, by the nuclear-powered. Halibut, with its extremely large internal hangar could carry five missiles and was intended to be the prototype of a whole new class of cruise missile firing SSG-N submarines.The Navy strategy called for four Regulus missiles to be at sea at any given time. Thus, Barbero and Tunny, each of which carried two Regulus missiles, patrolled simultaneously. Growler and Grayback, with four missiles each, or Halibut, with five, could patrol alone. Operating from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the five Regulus submarines made 40 nuclear deterrent patrols in the Northern Pacific Ocean between October 1959 and July 1964, including during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. According to the documentary "Regulus: The First Nuclear Missile Submarines" by Nick T. Spark, their primary task in the event of a nuclear exchange would be to eliminate the Soviet naval base at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. These deterrent patrols represented the first by the Navy's submarines and preceded those made by the Polaris missile submarines.
The Regulus firing submarines were relieved by the s carrying the Polaris missile system. Barbero also earned the distinction of launching the only delivery of missile mail.
Additional submarines including USS Cusk and USS Carbonero were equipped with control systems that allowed them to take control of a Regulus in flight, thus extending its range in a tactical situation.
Regulus was also deployed by the U.S. Navy in 1955 in the Pacific on board the cruiser. In 1956, three more followed:,, and. These four s each carried three Regulus missiles on operational patrols in the Western Pacific. Macon last Regulus patrol was in 1958, Toledo in 1959, Helena in 1960, and Los Angeles in 1961.
Ten aircraft carriers were configured to operate Regulus missiles. did not deploy with the missile but conducted the first launch of a Regulus from a warship. also did not deploy but was involved in two demonstration launches. and each conducted one test launch. deployed to the Mediterranean carrying three Regulus missiles. deployed once to the Western Pacific with four missiles in 1955. Lexington, Hancock,, and were involved in the development of the Regulus Assault Mission concept. RAM converted the Regulus cruise missiles into an unmanned aerial vehicle : Regulus missiles would be launched from cruisers or submarines, and once in flight, guided to their targets by carrier-based pilots with remote control equipment.
Replacement and legacy
Despite being the U.S. Navy's first underwater nuclear capability, the Regulus missile system had significant operational drawbacks. In order to launch, the submarine had to surface and assemble the missile in whatever sea conditions it was in. Because it required active radar guidance, which only had a range of, the ship had to stay stationary on the surface to guide it to the target while effectively broadcasting its location. This guidance method was susceptible to jamming and since the missile was subsonic, the launch platform remained exposed and vulnerable to attack during its flight duration; destroying the ship would effectively disable the missile in flight.Production of Regulus was phased out in January 1959 with delivery of the 514th missile; in 1962, it was redesignated RGM-6. It was removed from service in August 1964. Some of the obsolete missiles were expended as targets at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Regulus not only provided the first nuclear strategic deterrence force for the United States Navy during the first years of the Cold War and especially during the Cuban Missile Crisis, preceding the Polaris missiles, Poseidon missiles, and Trident missiles that followed, but it was also the forerunner of the Tomahawk cruise missile.Following retirement, a number of Regulus I missiles were converted for target drone usage under the designation BQM-6C.