Bianzhong
Bianzhong is an ancient Chinese musical instrument consisting of a set of bronze bells, played melodically. China is the earliest country to manufacture and use musical chimes. They are also called chime bells. These sets of chime bells were used as polyphonic musical instruments and some of these bells have been dated at between 2,000 and 3,600 years old. They were hung in a wooden frame and struck with a mallet. Using a wooden hammer and a rod to beat the bronze bell can make different pitch. Along with the stone chimes called, they were an important instrument in China's ritual and court music going back to ancient times.
Several sets of were imported to the Korean court during the Song dynasty. Pronounced in Korean as, the instrument became an important part in Korea's ritual and court music and is still in use. In Vietnam, the instrument, which was used in ceremonies in the court at Huế, is called biên chung. The instrument's name is pronounced in Japanese.
History
While the oldest clapperless bells in China date to as early as 2100 BCE, the organization of bells into developed in the Zhou dynasty. from this era had varied numbers of individual , each of which could produce two distinct pitches and were suspended obliquely or vertically. In ancient China, the chime was a special instrument for upper-class people and it was a symbol of power and wealth. In one set from this time period, the biggest bell was 153.4 centimeters in height and weighed 203.6 kilograms, while the smallest bell was 20.4 centimeters in height and weighed 2.4 kilograms.The instrument's construction shifted dramatically in the Qin and Tang dynasties. decreased in size during this period, being limited to sets of 14, 16, and 24 bells. Due to differences in bell construction, each produced only one pitch. These were tuned either to a seven-note scale or in twelve semitones.
Musicians standardized construction and ritual performance by the end of the Song dynasty. Typical instruments from this period consisted of 16 bells suspended vertically in a two-tiered frame. Through the Qing dynasty into the modern day, this construction of remained standard. Since the rediscovery of Zhou-dynasty by archaeologists in 1978, there has been a revitalization of the performance and construction of that form of the instrument. Modern historical-performance ensembles have been performing on reconstructions of Zhou-dynasty nationally and internationally since the 1980s.
In the modern day, Confucian ritual celebrations in Korea still utilizes. The instrument's role is to lead the orchestra, while larger bells punctuate hymn phrases.
Structure
The was part of a larger category of ancient Chinese bells referred to as a. This is defined by a leaf-shaped cross-section, concave mouth and an overall shape expands slightly from top to bottom. All sets of were suspended together in a wooden frame, but how they were suspended can differ. The most common type of suspension in the family is when the bell has an elongated handle with a small ring at its base and is then hung at a diagonal angle. Some have been found to be suspended vertically by a loop, but this is found less frequently. Each has the same thickness, which means that the pitch is determined by size.The general range of height is ; however, archaeologists have discovered some that are as small as and as large as. Individual usually have many decorative features; these could include raised rectangular ribs, repetitive claw-like designs, and protrusions in clusters.
Archaeology
Among the most important sets of discovered are a Marquis Yi of Zeng|complete ceremonial set of 65 bells], found in a near-perfect state of preservation during the excavation of the tomb of Marquis Yi, who died c. 430 BCE. Yi was the ruler of Zeng, one of the minor states under control of the major State of Chu. This region is now part of the present-day Hubei province. The instrument is currently on display at the Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan, China. It under protection by the government as an esteemed cultural relic, and has been performed on three times since its excavation in 1978, the most recent being for the Hong Kong Reunification ceremony in 1997.Although tuned bells have been created and used for musical performance in many cultures, are unique among all other types of cast bells in several respects. They have a lens-shaped section, the bell mouth has a distinctive "cutaway" profile, and the outer surfaces of the large bells feature 36 studs or bosses, symmetrically placed around the body in four groups of nine. This special shape gives bells the remarkable ability to produce two different musical tones, depending on where they are struck. Striking the center of the bell produces the primary tone, while the left or right corners produce a secondary pitch either a major or minor third higher, equivalent to a distance of four or five notes on a piano.
The bells of Marquis Yi cover a range of five octaves, and are fully chromatic in the central three octaves. The set—still in playable condition after almost 2,500 years—is able to produce both diatonic and pentatonic scales.
File:VM 4733 Hubei Provincial Museum - bianzhong set.jpg|left|thumb|The Marquis Yi on display in the Hubei Provincial Museum
The chimes of Marquis Yi are mounted on intersecting racks set at 90 degrees to each other, consisting of two pairs of massive wooden beams, with three smaller beams mounted on top of the upper beams. The beams are separated and supported at their ends and intersections by six bronze human figurines with upraised arms and wearing swords; the upper three figures are slightly smaller than the lower, which are cast on their own elaborately decorated bronze pedestals. The ends and intersection of each pair of beams are fitted with decorated bronze caps and front part of the brackets supporting the largest bells are cast in the shape of animals. The longer pair of main beams are provided with extra support in the middle in the form of two slender bronze columns.
In 1992, Ma Chengyuan, director of the Shanghai Museum, purchased the 3,000-year-old Jin Hou Su from the Hong Kong antique market. The bells had been looted from the tombs of the rulers of the State of Jin and smuggled out of China. The bells are now listed by the Chinese government as one of the first 64 List of Chinese [cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad|national treasures forbidden to be exhibited abroad].
These bells usually have inscriptions on them from which scholars use as references for studying ancient Chinese writings. Another related ancient Chinese musical instrument is the, which was made of stone rather than metal.
File:Salle du musée dart oriental .jpg|thumb|A collection of various porcelain wares from the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty. A porcelain is seen on the top middle.