Tangsa language


Tangsa, also known as Tase and Tase Naga, is a Sino-Tibetan language or language cluster spoken by the Tangsa people of Burma and north-eastern India. Some varieties, such as Shangge, are likely distinct languages. There are about 60,000 speakers in Burma and 40,000 speakers in India. The dialects of Tangsa have disparate levels of lexical similarity, ranging from 35%–97%.

Geographical distribution

Tangsa is spoken in the following locations of Myanmar:
In India, Tangsa is spoken in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Below are locations for some varieties of Tangsa.
Ethnologue also lists the following languages:
  • Lao Naga : 1,000 speakers in Lahe Township. Most similar to Chen-Kayu Naga and the Chuyo and Gakat dialects of Tase Naga.
  • Chen-Kayu Naga : 9,000 speakers in 13 villages of Lahe Township. Dialects are Chen and Kayu. Most similar to the Chuyo and Gakat dialects of Tase Naga.

Dialects

There are four principal varieties:
  • Muklom
  • Pangwa Naga
  • Ponthai
  • Tikhak

Morey (2017)

Within Tangsa, the Pangwa group has about 20 subgroups in India. The Pangwa had migrated from Myanmar to India in the 20th century. Pangwa subgroups are listed below, with autonyms listed in parentheses, where superscript digits are language-specific tone-marks.
The Tikhak group consists of:
  • Longchang
  • Tikhak
  • Nokjah
  • Yongkuk
  • Kato
Other subgroups that do not belong to either the Pangwa or Tikhak groups are:
  • Moklum
  • Ponthai
  • Havi
  • Hakhun
  • Thamphang
  • Thamkok
  • Halang
Besides Pangwa and Tikhak, other Tangsa groups are:
  • Muklom
  • '''Phong'''

Lann (2018)

Lann classifies the Tangsa language varieties as follows, and recognizes 11 subgroups. IPA transcriptions for dialect names are also provided, where superscript digits are language-specific tone-marks.
  • Upland Pangva: Shecyü, Chamchang, Mungre, Mueshaungx, Lochang, Haqcyeng, Ngaimong, Shangvan, Joglei, Cholim, Longri, Jöngi, Maitai
  • Eastern Pangva
  • *Eastern Pangva A: Lungkhi, Khalak, Gachai
  • *Eastern Pangva B: Rinkhu, Näkkhi, Rasi, Rasa, Rera, Kochung, Shokra, Shangthi, Shanchin, Khangchin, Khangdu, Lawnyung, Yangbaivang, Gaqha, Raraq, Raqnu, Kotlum, Assen, Hasa
  • Yungkuk-Tikhak: Yungkuk, Tikhak, Longchang, Muklum, Havi, Kato, Nukyaq
  • Ole: Nahen, Lumnu, Yangno, Kumgaq, Haqpo, Chamkok, Champang, Haqcyum, Tawke, Hokuq
  • Kon-Pingnan: Yongkon, Chawang, Nukvuk, Miku, Pingku, Nansa
  • Haqte: Haqkhii, Haqman, Bote, Lama, Haqkhun, Nocte, Phong, Tutsa
  • Olo: Haqsik, Lajo
  • Ola: Kaishan
  • Sandzik
  • Cyokat: Chuyo, Gaqkat, Wancho
  • Kunyon: Kuku, Makyam
Lann lists the Aktung, Angsü-Angsa, Giiyii, Gawngkaq, Khangcyu, Khangdo, Kumgaq, Punlam, Nukyaq, and Vangtak-Vangkaq dialects as being extinct or nearly extinct.
Kaisan is a Northern Naga language variety spoken in several villages in the Patkai area of Sagaing Region, Myanmar, as well as in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

Phonology

Consonants

  • Sounds /β/ and /ʒ/ may vary freely between approximant sounds and and their fricative sounds, although the fricative sounds are more frequent. /ʒ/ may also be heard as a palatal in the Muklom dialect.
  • /x/ is mainly heard in the Muklom, Choglim and Joglei dialects.
  • A voiced dental fricative /ð/ may occur in the Ngaimong and Shecyü dialects.
  • is only heard as a contrastive sound among some speakers.
  • may be heard as an allophone of /n/ by some speakers when followed by the diphthong /ɯi/.
  • /ɹ/ may also be heard as or in the Muklom dialect.

Vowels

There are 12 diphthongs, noted as: /ui/; /ɯi, ɯu/; /əi, əu/; /oi/; /ɔə, ɔəi/; /ɤi, ɤu/; /ai, au/.

Orthography

In 1990, Mr. Lakhum Mossang from Namphai Nong, Arunachal Pradesh in India created an alphabet for the Tangsa language. He taught the alphabet in public events and festivals, and promoted the script with community organisations and schools. In 2021, there were about 100 people who are using the script. The Tangsa Script Development Committee was founded in 2019 and continues development of the script after the passing of Lakhum Mossang in order ensure accommodation to the wide range of Tangsa varieties spoken in the region. The script has not yet gained widespread adoption.
Beyond the use of Lakhum Mossang's script, Tangsa varieties are generally written in the Latin alphabet with multiple different spelling conventions in use. One such Roman orthography is that for Mossang, designed by Reverend Gam Win and used in the Mossang translation of the Bible. Different Roman orthographies are in use among different subtribes, often with considerable variation. These differences tend to follow Christian denominational divisions.
The Gam Win Romanization for Mossang is as follows:

Tonal vowels

Each vowel of the Tangsa alphabet notes a combination representing one of 11 phonemic base vowels:
modified by one of four distinctive vocalic tones :
-cthuic tsanz - mid-high level or rising
-xthuic hvlz - mid-high falling
-zthuic nyenz - low falling with creaky phonation
-qthuic htaq - short, final glottal stop

As well, the Tangsa alphabet includes a few additional separate letters for distinctive tonal vowels:
-ng - modifier written after the base vowel+tone
awx - usually not distinguished in Latin transcriptions
uex - usually not distinguished in Latin transcriptions
uez - usually not distinguished in Latin transcriptions

Consonants

Unlike Brahmic-derived abugidas most often used for languages in India and Burma, the 31 consonants of the Tangsa alphabet don't carry any inherent vowel:

Unicode

The Tangsa alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2021 with the release of version 14.0.
The Unicode block for Tangsa is U+16A70–U+16ACF. The 48 base vowels are encoded in U+16A70–U+16A9F, the 31 base consonants are encoded in U+16AA0–U+16ABE, and ten decimal digits are encoded in U+16AC0–U+16AC9: