Pakawan languages
The Pakawan languages are a proposed small language family formerly spoken in what is today northern Mexico and southern Texas.
Classification
Five clear Pakawan languages are attested: Coahuilteco, Cotoname, Comecrudo, Garza and Mamulique. The first three were first proposed to be related by John Wesley Powell in 1891, in a grouping then called Coahuiltecan. Goddard groups the latter three in a Comecrudan family while considering the others language isolates. This is followed by more modern scholars. The current composition and the present name "Pakawan" are due to Manaster Ramer.The term Coahuiltecan languages today refers to a slightly expanded and less securely established grouping. Most Pakawan languages have at times been included also in the much larger and highly hypothetical Hokan "stock".
Common vocabulary
The following word comparisons are given by Manaster Ramer :The following sound changes and correspondences should be noted:
- Vocalization of word-final *l in Cotoname: 'sun', 'straw', red'
- Lenition of *p to /xw/ in Coahuilteco between vowels: #apel', #mapi
- Syncope of
- Apocope of final e in Comecrudo: 'man', 'low ', 'to kneel'.
- /k/, /kw/ in other languages correspond to /x/, /xw/ in Cotoname, when before /a/, as well as in Coahuilteco, when before any low vowel.
- /kiV/ in Comecrudo corresponds to /kuV/ in Coahuilteco: 'blood', 'to go'
- s ~ l in Comecrudo corresponds to s in Coahuilteco: Comecrudo 'blood', 'devil', 'to fall'.
- Initial y in Comecrudo corresponds to /ts/ in Coahuilteco: I, chest, ''to hear''
Lexical comparison
| language | head | hair | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | hand | foot | breast | meat | blood | bone | person | name |
| Comecrudo | eláx | eláx, emól | u-i | alí | yáx̣ | í | expén | xál | mapí | emí, lemí | kném | ewé, kai | kiál | ehûei, klemí, xí | estók | lekaú |
| Cotoname | makuát | makuát | arókwan | yá-ĕx | ayésim | kĕnám | kemás | sä'x | xuaináxe | |||||||
| Karankawa | en-okea | ekia aikui | em-ikus | em-ai aluak | é, dolonakin | a-lean | emi-akwoi | étsma | eham, kékeya | kanín | ahaks, tecoyu, úci, yámawe | |||||
| Tonkawa | taˑkey | xʔaˑk | nemtan-xaˑ | henicxayʔan | yamʔacxan | ne̠ta̠le- | kala | nota- | naˑtan | ʔawas | ʔoˑn | ne̠kame- | tickan | hes-tewe- 'to name ' | ||
| Coahuilteco | māux | tām | ahāuh | kuās, hātz | pīlam | aux | ||||||||||
| Solano | nikaog | |||||||||||||||
| Maratino | migtikui | |||||||||||||||
| Quinigua | kai | |||||||||||||||
| Naolan | mi yuːhu; ma yoho | ma naːme; manáme |
| language | dog | fish | louse | tree | leaf | flower | water | fire | stone | earth | salt | road | eat | die | I | you |
| Comecrudo | ketuaú, klám | atuís, selaú | ak 'blackish louse' | xaí | sel | awaí, exnó, xaí, pawaí | áx̣ | klewém, len | woyekuél | kamlá | sepén | ál | to, kai | kamaú, plau, pokuét | na, ye-inán, yén | nánã |
| Cotoname | kowá-u | áx̣ | mánĕx | pén | dá-än | haháme | wátĕxo | |||||||||
| Karankawa | kec | áṃ, kiles | akwiní | klai, komkom | húmhe, kwátci, kwoilesem | dem, ketac | aknámas | náyi | áwa | |||||||
| Tonkawa | ʔekˑan | neswalʔan | xaˑsoy-tlc | nahen- | ʔaˑx | mʔelʔan | yatexan | haˑc | mamʔe- | naˑx | ya̠xa- | hewawa- | saˑ- | naˑ-ya | ||
| Coahuilteco | talōm | tāp | hām | xūm, tzam | na, tzin | |||||||||||
| Solano | apam | tciene | namō 'eat it' | na- | ||||||||||||
| Maratino | migtikui | paahtcu 'kill' | ||||||||||||||
| Quinigua | karama | ama, ami; ka | ana | ka, kwa, wa | pixa | ama | ama; ka | |||||||||
| Naolan | mi; míː | mi koːl; ma koːl | mi, ma |