Nonimaging optics


Nonimaging optics is a branch of optics that is concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and a target. Unlike traditional imaging optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the source; instead an optimized optical system for optimal radiative transfer from a source to a target is desired.

Applications

The two design problems that nonimaging optics solves better than imaging optics are:
  • solar energy concentration: maximizing the amount of energy applied to a receiver, typically a solar cell or a thermal receiver
  • illumination: controlling the distribution of light, typically so it is "evenly" spread over some areas and completely blocked from other areas
Typical variables to be optimized at the target include the total radiant flux, the angular distribution of optical radiation, and the spatial distribution of optical radiation. These variables on the target side of the optical system often must be optimized while simultaneously considering the collection efficiency of the optical system at the source.

Solar energy concentration

For a given concentration, nonimaging optics provide the widest possible acceptance angles and, therefore, are the most appropriate for use in solar concentration as, for example, in concentrated photovoltaics. When compared to "traditional" imaging optics, the main advantages of nonimaging optics for concentrating solar energy are:
  • wider acceptance angles resulting in higher tolerances for:
  • *less precise tracking
  • *imperfectly manufactured optics
  • *imperfectly assembled components
  • *movements of the system due to wind
  • *finite stiffness of the supporting structure
  • *deformation due to aging
  • *capture of circumsolar radiation
  • *other imperfections in the system
  • higher solar concentrations
  • *smaller solar cells
  • *higher temperatures
  • *lower thermal losses
  • *widen the applications of concentrated solar power, for example to solar lasers
  • possibility of a uniform illumination of the receiver
  • *improve reliability and efficiency of the solar cells
  • *improve heat transfer
  • design flexibility: different kinds of optics with different geometries can be tailored for different applications
Also, for low concentrations, the very wide acceptance angles of nonimaging optics can avoid solar tracking altogether or limit it to a few positions a year.
The main disadvantage of nonimaging optics when compared to parabolic reflectors or Fresnel lenses is that, for high concentrations, they typically have one more optical surface, slightly decreasing efficiency. That, however, is only noticeable when the optics are aiming perfectly towards the Sun, which is typically not the case because of imperfections in practical systems.

Illumination optics

Examples of nonimaging optical devices include optical light guides, nonimaging reflectors, nonimaging lenses or a combination of these devices. Common applications of nonimaging optics include many areas of illumination engineering. Examples of modern implementations of nonimaging optical designs include automotive headlamps, LCD backlights, illuminated instrument panel displays, fiber optic illumination devices, LED lights, projection display systems and luminaires.
When compared to "traditional" design techniques, nonimaging optics has the following advantages for illumination:
  • better handling of extended sources
  • more compact optics
  • color mixing capabilities
  • combination of light sources and light distribution to different places
  • well suited to be used with increasingly popular LED light sources
  • tolerance to variations in the relative position of light source and optic
Examples of nonimaging illumination optics using solar energy are anidolic lighting or solar pipes.

Other applications

Modern portable and wearable optical devices, and systems of small sizes and low weights may require nanotechnology. This issue may be addressed by nonimaging metaoptics, which uses metalenses and metamirrors to deal with the optimal transfer of light energy.
Collecting light emitted by high-energy particle collisions with a scintillator using the fewest photomultiplier tubes.
Collecting luminescent radiation in photon upconversion devices with the compound parabolic concentrator being to-date the most promising geometrical optics collector.
Some of the design methods for nonimaging optics are also finding application in imaging devices, for example some with ultra-high numerical aperture.

Theory

Early academic research in nonimaging optical mathematics seeking closed form solutions was first published in textbook form in a 1978 book. A modern textbook illustrating the depth and breadth of research and engineering in this area was published in 2004. A thorough introduction to this field was published in 2008.
Special applications of nonimaging optics such as Fresnel lenses for solar concentration or solar concentration in general have also been published, although this last reference by O'Gallagher describes mostly the work developed some decades ago. Other publications include book chapters.
Imaging optics can concentrate sunlight to, at most, the same flux found at the surface of the Sun.
Nonimaging optics have been demonstrated to concentrate sunlight to 84,000 times the ambient intensity of sunlight, exceeding the flux found at the surface of the Sun, and approaching the theoretical limit of heating objects to the temperature of the Sun's surface.
The simplest way to design nonimaging optics is called "the method of strings", based on the [|edge ray principle]. Other more advanced methods were developed starting in the early 1990s that can better handle extended light sources than the edge-ray method. These were developed primarily to solve the design problems related to solid state automobile headlamps and complex illumination systems. One of these advanced design methods is the simultaneous multiple surface design method. The 2D [|SMS] design method is described in detail in the aforementioned textbooks. The 3D SMS design method was developed in 2003 by a team of optical scientists at Light Prescriptions Innovators.

Edge ray principle

In simple terms, the edge ray principle states that if the light rays coming from the edges of the source are redirected towards the edges of the receiver, this will ensure that all light rays coming from the inner points in the source will end up on the receiver. There is no condition on image formation, the only goal is to transfer the light from the source to the target.
Figure Edge ray principle on the right illustrates this principle. A lens collects light from a source S1S2 and redirects it towards a receiver R1R2.
Image:Nonimaging Optics-RR SMS Thin Edge.png|130px|thumb|right|Edge ray principle
The lens has two optical surfaces and, therefore, it is possible to design it so that the light rays coming from the edge S1 of the source are redirected towards edge R1 of the receiver, as indicated by the blue rays. By symmetry, the rays coming from edge S2 of the source are redirected towards edge R2 of the receiver, as indicated by the red rays. The rays coming from an inner point S in the source are redirected towards the target, but they are not concentrated onto a point and, therefore, no image is formed.
Actually, if we consider a point P on the top surface of the lens, a ray coming from S1 through P will be redirected towards R1. Also a ray coming from S2 through P will be redirected towards R2. A ray coming through P from an inner point S in the source will be redirected towards an inner point of the receiver. This lens then guarantees that all light from the source crossing it will be redirected towards the receiver. However, no image of the source is formed on the target. Imposing the condition of image formation on the receiver would imply using more optical surfaces, making the optic more complicated, but would not improve light transfer between source and target. For that reason nonimaging optics are simpler and more efficient than imaging optics in transferring radiation from a source to a target.

Design methods

Nonimaging optics devices are obtained using different methods. The most important are: the [|flow-line] or Winston-Welford design method, the SMS or Miñano-Benitez design method and the [|Miñano design method using Poisson brackets]. The first is probably the most used, although the second has proven very versatile, resulting in a wide variety of optics. The third has remained in the realm of theoretical optics and has not found real world application to date. Often optimization is also used.
Typically optics have refractive and reflective surfaces and light travels through media of different refractive indices as it crosses the optic. In those cases a quantity called optical path length may be defined as where index i indicates different ray sections between successive deflections, ni is the refractive index and di the distance in each section i of the ray path.
Image:Nonimaging Optics-Constant Optical Path Length.png|400px|thumb|right|Constant optical path length
The OPL is constant between wavefronts. This can be seen for refraction in the figure "constant OPL" to the right. It shows a separation c between two media of refractive indices n1 and n2, where c is described by a parametric equation with parameter τ. Also shown are a set of rays perpendicular to wavefront w1 and traveling in the medium of refractive index n1. These rays refract at c into the medium of refractive index n2 in directions perpendicular to wavefront w2. Ray rA crosses c at point c and, therefore, ray rA is identified by parameter τA on c. Likewise, ray rB is identified by parameter τB on c. Ray rA has optical path length. Also, ray rB has optical path length. The difference in optical path length for rays rA and rB is given by:
In order to calculate the value of this integral, we evaluate, again with the help of the same figure. We have and. These expressions can be rewritten as and. From the law of refraction and therefore, leading to. Since these may be arbitrary rays crossing c, it may be concluded that the optical path length between w1 and w2 is the same for all rays perpendicular to incoming wavefront w1 and outgoing wavefront w2.
Similar conclusions may be drawn for the case of reflection, only in this case. This relationship between rays and wavefronts is valid in general.