Ningublaga
Ningublaga was a Mesopotamian god associated with cattle. His cult center was Kiabrig, a little known city located in the proximity of Ur. He belonged to the circle of deities related to the moon god, Nanna, and sometimes could be viewed as his son. He is also well attested as the brother of Alammuš, and they frequently appear together in god lists, incantations and especially in astronomical texts.
Character
It is assumed that Ningublaga's name is a genitive construction meaning "lord of Gublag" in Sumerian, Gublag presumably being an otherwise unknown toponym linked with the worship of this god. Two further names which possibly referred to him are GUL-zi and Lugal-baḫar.Ningublaga was associated with cattle. He was believed to oversee the herds belonging to the moon god Nanna. Consumption of beef was regarded as taboo to him. He also had an apotropaic role, and appears in many incantations, for example against scorpion bite. One of them refers to him as lugal-ḫulĝálra, "lord who fights evil." He could also be referred to as a mašmaš, "incantation priest." This epithet is otherwise rare, and the only other known deities it was applied to were Ninšar and the unidentified deity dTU.
Associations with other deities
Ningublaga was closely associated with the moon god Nanna, and appears after him and his wife Ningal in most god lists. The great god list An = Anum does not label him as Nanna's son, though the existence of such a tradition is confirmed by other sources. Similarly, it is considered plausible that Ningal was viewed as his mother. However, An = Anum states that his mother was a goddess named dÁb-na-ar-bu or dÁb-nir-bu. He was also commonly associated with Alammuš, the sukkal of Nanna. They could be regarded as brothers. Early assyriologist Ernst Weidner incorrectly assumed that Ningublaga was a female deity and the wife of Alammuš, which has been disproved by subsequent studies. Together they corresponded to the constellation called "Little Twins" in Mesopotamian astronomy. It has been proposed that Little Twins corresponded to Lambda Geminorum and Xi Geminorum. The analogous title "Great Twins" referred to Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea. Alammuš and Ningublaga also appear together in incantations, ritual texts, and oath formulas. Ningublaga's wife was Nineigara. Her temple was the Eigara, but its location is not known and in the so-called Canonical Temple List it was misinterpreted as a temple of her husband.A neo-Babylonian text refers to two minor goddesses, Mannu-šāninšu and Larsam-iti, as the "Daughters of E-Ningublaga." It is assumed that this name, meaning "house of Ningublaga," refers to his temple in Larsa. Multiple pairs of deities referred to as the "daughters" of a specific temple are known, many of them from northern Mesopotamia. Examples include the Daughters of Ezida from Borsippa, the Daughters of Esagil from Babylon, the Daughters of Emeslam from Kutha, the Daughters of Edubba from Kish, the Daughters of Ebabbar from Sippar (Mami and Ninegina
Worship
Ningublaga's cult center was Kiabrig. His temples there were the Egudušar, "house of multiple perfect oxen," and the Gaburra, "chamber of jars," originally founded by Ur-Nammu. Other sanctuaries of Ningublaga are also known, though their location has yet to be determined. These include the E-bahar and the E-nunudda. Very little is known about Kiabrig beyond its association with Ningublaga. Literary texts mention in relation to cattle husbandry. It is known that it was located in the proximity of Ur, the cult center of Nanna and Enegi, the cult center of Ninazu. According to Andrew R. George, after the Ur III period Gaburra was likely relocated to Ur, where it was rebuilt first by Warad-Sin and then later by one of the two rulers from the Kassite dynasty bearing the name Kurigalzu. Much like Nanna, he had an entu priestess in this city, who similarly resided in her own gipar building. During the reign of Lipit-Ishtar, this office was held by his daughter Enninsunzi. There is also evidence that in addition to Ur, he was worshiped in Nippur as early as in the Ur III period, and from the Old Babylonian period onward he is attested in Larsa as well.Ningublaga was worshiped in Uruk in the Seleucid period, though he is absent from earlier sources from the city from the neo-Babylonian period. Julia Krul proposes that his introduction was tied to increased focus on astronomy in local intellectual circles and resulting interest in astral deities, such as Šulpae and the two pairs of "astral twins." He did not have his own temple, but was instead worshiped a cella in one dedicated to Sin. He was paired with Alammuš during the annual akitu festival of Anu. He is not attested in personal names or legal texts.
An inscription on a kudurru from the reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I mentions Ningublaga alongside a large number of other deities, including Nergal, Laṣ, Bēl-ṣarbi, the pair Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea, Šubula, Ishum, Mammitum, Ištaran and Tishpak.
A theophoric name invoking Ningublaga, Ur-Ningublaga, is known from documents from the Early Dynastic period and the Ur III period.