Multimorbidity
Multimorbidity, also known as multiple long-term conditions, means living with two or more chronic illnesses. For example, a person could have diabetes, heart disease and depression at the same time. Multimorbidity can have a significant impact on people's health and wellbeing. It also poses a complex challenge to healthcare systems which are traditionally focused on individual diseases. Multiple long-term conditions can affect people of any age, but they are more common in older age, affecting more than half of people over 65 years old.
Definition
The concept of multiple long-term conditions is not clearly defined and may be referred to by various names.Difference from comorbidity
Multimorbidity is often referred to as comorbidity even though the two are considered distinct clinical scenarios.Comorbidity means that one 'index' condition is the focus of attention, and others are viewed in relation to this. In contrast, multimorbidity describes someone having two or more long-term conditions without any of them holding priority over the others. This distinction is important in how the healthcare system treats people and helps making clear the specific settings in which the use of one or the other term can be preferred. Multimorbidity offers a more general and person-centered concept that allows focusing on all of the patient's symptoms and providing a more holistic care. In other settings, for example in pharmaceutical research, comorbidity might often be the more useful term to use.
Definitions
The broad definition of multimorbidity, consistent with what is used by most researchers, the WHO and the UK's Academy of Medical Sciences is the "co-existence of two or more chronic conditions". These can be physical non-communicable diseases, infectious and mental health conditions in any possible combinations and they may or may not interact with each other. When the co-existing conditions have similar origins or treatments the terms used is concordant multimorbidity, while discordant multimorbidity is used to refer to conditions that appear to be unrelated to each other.Definitions of multimorbidity usually differ in the minimum number of concurrent conditions they require and in the types of conditions they consider. For example the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence includes alcohol and substance misuse in their list of conditions considered to constitute multimorbidity.
Naming
The most commonly used term to describe the concept is multimorbidity. However, scientific literature shows a diverse range of terms used with the same meaning. These include comorbidity, polymorbidity, polypathology, pluripathology, multipathology, multicondition.The UK's National Institute for Health and Care Research uses the term multiple long-term conditions as it is more accepted and understood by patients and the public.
Causes
Risk factors
A range of biological, psychological, behavioural, socioeconomic and environmental factors affect the likelihood of having multimorbidity. How these risk factors interact to trigger multiple long-term conditions is complex and still not fully understood.One risk factor of multimorbidity in young people is being born premature. Lifestyle factors that may increase the risk of multiple long-term conditions include obesity, poor diet, poor sleep, smoking, air pollution, alcohol; and lifestyles factors that may reduce the risk of MLTC includes eating a healthy diet, physical activity, and strong social networks.
Lower socioeconomic status, measured by a combination of education, occupation and literacy indicators, seems to increase the risk of developing multimorbidity. For instance, based on the Whitehall II Study, people in lower employment positions seem to have a 66% higher risk of developing multiple long-term conditions than people in higher positions. However, socioeconomic status does not appear to influence the risk of dying after the onset of multiple long-term conditions. Another study showed an increase of almost 50% in the odds of multimorbidity occurring in those with the least wealth compared to those with the most wealth. Therefore, reducing socioeconomic inequalities by improving working and living conditions and education to everyone is important to reduce the burden of multiple long-term conditions on population health.
Diagnosis and impact
Multimorbidity is associated with reduced quality of life and increased risk of death. The risk of death is positively associated with individuals with greater number of chronic conditions and reversely associated with socioeconomic status. People with multiple long-term conditions may have a four-fold increase in the risk of death in comparison with people without MLTC irrespective of their socioeconomic status.In some cases, specific combinations of diseases are associated with higher mortality. For example, people with long-term conditions affecting the heart, lung, and urinary systems have strong effects on mortality.
There are many additional issues associated with living with multiple long term conditions. One study from the US found that having more than 3 conditions significantly increased the chance of reduced quality of life and physical functioning. The researchers called for the holistic treatment of multimorbidities due to the complexities of multiple long-term conditions.
Due to the higher prevalence of multimorbidity, a new concept of "complex multimorbidity " has been proposed CMM differs from the definition of conventional multimorbidity in that CMM is defined by the number of body systems affected by the diseases rather than the number of diseases. CMM is associated is mortality and long-term care needs in older adults.
Mental health
Physical and mental health conditions can adversely impact the other through a number of pathways, and have significant impact on health and wellbeing. For people whose long-term conditions include severe mental illness, the lifespan can be 10–20 years less than the general population. For them, addressing the underlying risk factors for physical health problems is critical to good outcomes.There is considerable evidence that having multiple long-term physical conditions can lead to the development of both depression and anxiety. There are many factors which might explain why physical multi-morbidity affects mental health including chronic pain, frailty, symptom burden, functional impairment, reduced quality of life, increased levels of inflammation, and polypharmacy. Evidence from large population studies from the United Kingdom and China suggests that specific combinations of physical conditions increase the risk of developing depression and anxiety more than others, such as co-occurring respiratory disorders and co-occurring painful and gastrointestinal disorders. There has been a scarcity of economic evaluations concerning interventions for managing individuals with mental-physical multimorbidity, including depression. A recent systematic review identified four intervention types ) that were assessed for cost-effectiveness in high-income countries. However, such evaluations are currently absent in low-income and middle-income countries as no studies have been identified in these regions.
Strategies to prevent the onset of depression or depressive episodes in people with long-term physical conditions include psychological interventions and pharmacological interventions, however the long-term effectiveness and benefits of these approaches is very uncertain.
Healthcare
People with multimorbidity face many challenges because of the way health systems are organised. Most health systems are designed to cater for people with a single chronic condition. Some of the difficulties experienced by people with multiple long-term conditions include: poor coordination of medical care, managing multiple medications, high costs associated with treatment, increases in their time spent managing illness, difficulty managing multiple illness management regimes, and aggravation of one condition by symptoms or treatment of another.There is growing recognition that living with multiple long-term conditions leads to complex and challenging burdens for people living with MLTC themselves but also health care professionals working in the health system looking after those with long-term conditions. Living with multiple-long term conditions can be burdensome in terms of managing the illness, particularly if the diagnoses results in polypharmacy.
Medication management
Older people and their family carers frequently find medication management a burden. This burden fluctuates and is often hidden from health and social care practitioners. For example, the burden, on the family carer, may increase if the older person is suffering from confusion or dementia. In general there are five burdens that make managing medicines challenging for older people: when the purpose of reviewing medicines is not clear to the person; when a lack of information prevents the person contributing to decisions about their health; when people with MLTC don't see the same health care professional consistently; when people are seen by lots of different professionals working across different services; and when the health service does not recognise the experiences of people living with MLTC. To help older people and their family carers experiencing medication-related burden, medical professionals can consider this burden when changing or amending a medication.Multimorbidity often results in taking 5 or more medicines which can represent a burden and might come with potential harm. When the medications are not effective enough or the risks outweigh the benefits, stopping medicines might be necessary. In people with multiple long-term conditions and polypharmacy this represents a complex challenge as clinical guidelines are usually developed for single conditions. In these cases tools and guidelines like the Beers Criteria and STOPP/START could be used safely by clinicians but not all patients might benefit from stopping their medication. Clarity about how much clinicians can do beyond the guidelines and the responsibility they need to take could help them prescribing and deprescribing for complex cases. Further factors that can help clinicians tailor their decisions to the individual are: access to detailed data on the people in their care, discussing plans to stop a medicine already when it is first prescribed, and a good relationship that involves mutual trust and regular discussions on progress. Furthermore, longer appointments for prescribing and deprescribing would allow time explain the process of deprescribing, explore related concerns, and support making the right decisions.