Meitei people


The Meitei people, also known as Meetei people, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to the Indian State of Manipur. They form the largest and dominant ethnic group of Manipur in Northeast India. They speak the Meitei language, one of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India and the sole official language of Government of Manipur.
The Meiteis primarily settled in the Imphal Valley region in modern-day Manipur, though a sizeable population has settled in the other Indian states of Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram. There is also a notable presence of Meiteis in the neighbouring countries of Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Meiteis represent about 53% of Manipur's population.

Endonyms and exonyms

The Meitei are known by a number of endonyms, Meitei, Meetei, Meithei, and as well as by numerous exonyms, such as Meckley, Manipuri and Kathe. The term Manipuri is widely used, but problematic because of its ambiguous scope: next to being a synonym for Meitei/''Meetei'', it can also refer in a wider sense to the native ethnic groups in the hills of Manipur.

Geographical distribution

India

As per the 2011 census, there 1,761,079 Meitei language-speakers in India.
The vast majority of them are in the state of Manipur, which is also their place of origin.
Estimated 239,836 people of this population are Meitei Pangals. The remainder, 1,353,999 people, are ethnic Meiteis.
A significant number of Meitei language speakers are in the state of Assam.
In the Barak Valley region of Assam, Meitei people are the third largest ethnic group, after Bengalis and Hindi speakers.

Myanmar

Myanmar has a significant population of Meitei people in Kachin state, Yangon Region, Sagaing Region, Shan state, Ayeyarwady Region, among others.

Bangladesh

The population of Meiteis are found in four districts of Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, namely Sylhet District, Moulvibazar District, Sunamganj District and Habiganj District. In early times, there were Meitei population in Dhaka, Mymensingh and Comilla too.

Origins and history

The earliest sections of the Cheitharol Kumbaba, a Meitei chronicle, record the gradual spread of Meiteis across and their assimilation of other clans into a confederacy.

In Kangleipak (Manipur)

In 1100 CE, Loyumba Shinyen, an ancient Meitei language constitution was written and regulated under the supervision of Meitei King Loiyumba in the Ancient Kangleipak. It is a formal proclamation of the proto-constitution which was drafted in 429 CE by Meitei King Naophangba. The idea of its constitutionalism was functional until it was substituted by the Manipur State Constitution Act 1947.

In Myanmar (Burma)

Myanmar is home to a sizeable community of Meiteis, who are called Kathe in Burmese. Unlike other Hindu communities in Myanmar, the Meitei resemble other Burmese ethnic groups in terms of physical appearance, which has accelerated their assimilation and integration into Burmese society. In the early 1950s, Burmese Meiteis numbered approximately 40,000, with a third of them residing in Mandalay. Current estimates are approximately 25,000. Meiteis have resettled throughout the country, including in villages near Myitkyina to the north, Homalin, Kalewa, Pyay, in the center of the country, and Yangon to the south. They continue to practice Hinduism in Myanmar.
As a result of wars between the Meitei kingdom and the Konbaung dynasty between the 17th and 18th centuries, many Meiteis were resettled in the Burmese kingdom. Some Meitei settlements in modern-day Myanmar originate from the 1758–1759 war, and from the Burmese occupation of Manipur from 1819 to 1826. Alaungpaya, during the former campaign, resettled Meiteis in Sagaing and Amarapura. The Meitei people's horsemanship skills were employed in the Burmese royal army, where they formed the elite Cassay cavalry and artillery regiments which were employed during the Burmese–Siamese wars. The Burmese court also retained a retinue of Manipuri Brahmins called Bamons, also called Kathe Ponna to advise and conduct court rituals.

Language and writing systems

The Meitei people speak the Meitei language, a Tibeto-Burman language. Meitei is one of the languages with legal status in India, and was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India in 1992.
There are many Meitei language movements, including classical language movement, associate official language movement, linguistic purism movement, etc.
Historically and then after a long gap, presently, Meitei was written in the indigenous Meitei mayek script. The script was replaced by an alphabet based on the Bengali script in the early 18th century. The Meitei Mayek script has seen a revival in recent decades, and is now seen in street signs, schools, newspapers, and legislative proceeding records.

Literature

Among the heritage of diverse literary works in Meitei literature, the Khamba Thoibi Sheireng, ), is regarded as the national epic of the Manipuris. It is an epic poem based on the ancient romantic adventure tale of Khamba and Thoibi. It is the best known magnum opus of Hijam Anganghal Singh. It is often considered to be the greatest of all the Meitei epic poems. At 39,000 verses, it is the longest Indian epic just after the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

Culture

Architectural designs and sculptures

Some of the significant intricate designs of the traditional Meitei architecture and sculptures are seen in various buildings and institutions, especially the temples of traditional Meitei religion: Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple, Pakhangba Temple, Kangla, Sanamahi Kiyong Temple, Thangjing Temple, Moirang, among many. Others include the Ima Keithel, Kangla Sanathong. include Some of the worthy to mention finely crafted sculptures are the Marjing Polo Statue, Kangla Sha sculptures, Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh.

Classical and folk dances, festivals and ritualistic theatres

The is a traditional Meitei ritualistic theatrical festival, consisting of different dances, musical performances and carnivals in the temples and the streets. It's dedicated to the worship of the ancient Meitei gods and goddesses, who are categorised as the and.
The Manipuri classical dance, also referred to as the Manipuri Raas Leela, is a jagoi and is one of the major Indian classical dance forms, originating from the historical Manipur Kingdom.

Theatre and cinema

The first Manipuri-language film, Matamgi Manipur, was released on 9 April 1972. Paokhum Ama is the first full-length colour feature film of Manipur and was directed by Aribam Syam Sharma. Lammei is the first Manipuri Video film to have a commercial screening at a theatre.

Golden Montgolfiere at the Nantes

is the
only Indian film that gets the Golden Montgolfiere at the Festival des 3 Continents, Nantes in 1982, bringing fame and honour of the Indian cinema at the international platform.

World classic in Cannes

was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, and again after a gap of 33 years, it was recognised as a "World Classic" by the 2023 Cannes Film Festival. Notably, it was the only film selected from India for the event in that year.

Achievements in the National Film Awards

Religions and beliefs

According to the 2011 census, 222,422 people follow the traditional Sanamahi religion of the Meitei people. The remainder follow Hinduism and Christianity as per the census. The number of Christians is expected to be small. For example, the valley districts of Manipur, the major concentration of Meitei people, have about 3,000 Christians.
Most Meiteis follow both Hinduism as well as Sanamahi religious traditions and rituals. For example, they worship Sanamahi in the south-west corners of their homes.

Calendar

The Meitei people follow a traditional calendar called Maliyafam Palcha Kumsing, which has 12 months and a 7-day week.

Cuisine

Rice, vegetables and fish are staple food of the Meiteis, although meat is also consumed; but in traditional Meitei dishes meat is never used in non-vegetarian dishes. In traditional and cultural gatherings fish, snails, oysters, crabs, eels etc. are the only non-vegetarian elements used and a significant number of Meiteis follow it where meat is cooked and eaten outside the house if consumed. Rice is the main carbohydrate source in a Meitei dish; typically, it is served with vegetables, fish, freshwater snails, crabs, oysters, eels etc. Among the most famous species of fishes Manipuri Sareng or commonly known as Helicopter catfish, Hilsa, freshwater snails and edible oysters are considered a delicacy. The vegetables are either made as stews with less oil/no oil used in sauteing, or stir fried directly in oil with various added spices to make an oily spicy side dish. Roasted/Smoked and sun-dried fish or fried fresh fish is usually added in most of the stews and curry to impart special taste. The vegetables, herbs and fruits consumed in the region are more similar to those in Southeast/East/Central Asian, Siberian, Arctic, Polynesian and Micronesian cuisines such as Myanmar, Thailand, Inuit, etc. E.g. treebean, galangal, culantro, lime basil, fishwort and many others, which are not cultivated in northern India. One of the most important ingredients in Meitei cooking is Ngari. Roasted ngari is used in the singju, morok metpa, eromba. A variety of fermented bamboo shoots as well as fresh bamboo shoots, and fermented soya beans also form an important part of Meitei cuisines. All meals are served with some fresh aromatic herbs on the side.
A typical every day Meitei meal will have rice, vegetable or fish curry, a piquant side dish, a champhut, and a Kanghou. Meat cuisines are also popular amongst the Meiteis and some of the common meat curries are yen thongba and nganu thongba and depending on regions, oak thongba and shan thongba.