Marvin Gaye
Marvin Pentz Gaye Jr. was an American singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. Commonly referred to as the "Prince of Motown" and "Prince of Soul", he helped to shape the sound of Motown and soul music in the 1960s. A cultural icon, Gaye is often considered one of the greatest singers and songwriters of all time.
Born and raised in Washington, D.C., Gaye began his career being guided by Harvey Fuqua, who put him in his group, Harvey and the Moonglows, before Gaye ventured into a solo career at the beginning of the 1960s. Signing to Motown's Tamla subsidiary, he achieved stardom with a series of hit singles such as "How Sweet It Is ", "Ain't That Peculiar" and "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" and also earned success as a collaborative duet partner with several female artists, most notably, Diana Ross and Tammi Terrell, the latter of whom he recorded the hits "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" and "You're All I Need to Get By". Following the successful release of his landmark album, What's Going On and its hit of the same name, in 1971, Gaye became one of the first Motown artists to break away from the reins of a production company, later producing the albums, Let's Get It On, I Want You and Here, My Dear.
After a period as a tax exile in Europe and leaving Motown for Columbia Records in 1982, Gaye re-emerged that year with "Sexual Healing" and its album, Midnight Love, which became his most successful single and album respectively to date and performed a memorable rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game. The success of "Sexual Healing" led to Gaye winning an American Music Award and two Grammy Awards.
On April 1, 1984, Gaye was shot and killed by his father, Marvin Gay Sr. at his parents' house in Western Heights, Los Angeles on the eve of his 45th birthday. Gay Sr. later pleaded no contest to voluntary manslaughter, receiving a six-year suspended sentence and five years of probation.
In addition to 1960s soul music, Gaye also influenced 1970s soul music and his recordings of that era later influenced the R&B subgenres quiet storm and neo soul. Several of his hit singles and albums have made several best-of Rolling Stone lists, including its greatest albums and greatest songs of all time.
In addition to the two Grammys and American Music Award, Gaye's accolades include the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, a Hollywood Walk of Fame star and inductions into the NAACP Hall of Fame, National Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame, Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Early life
Marvin Pentz Gaye Jr. was born on April 2, 1939, at Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C., to church minister Marvin Gay Sr. and domestic worker Alberta Gay. His first home was in a public housing project, the Fairfax Apartments at 1617 1st Street SW in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood. Although it was one of the city's oldest neighborhoods, with many elegant Federal-style homes, most buildings were small, in disrepair, and lacking electricity and running water. The alleys were full of one- and two-story shacks, and nearly every dwelling was overcrowded. Gaye and his friends nicknamed the area "Simple City", calling it "half-city, half country".Gaye was the second of the couple's four children. He had two sisters, Jeanne and Zeola, and one brother, Frankie Gaye. He also had two half-brothers: Michael Cooper, his mother's son from a previous relationship, and Antwaun Carey Gay, born as a result of one of his father's extramarital affairs.File:Cardozo2014.jpg|thumb|Gaye attended Cardozo High School in Columbia Heights, Washington D.C.|alt=|leftGaye started singing in church when he was four years old; his father often accompanied him on piano. Gaye and his family were part of a conservative church known as the House of God that took its teachings from Pentecostalism, with a strict code of conduct. Gaye developed a love of singing at an early age and was encouraged to pursue a professional music career after a performance at a school play at 11 singing Mario Lanza's "Be My Love". His home life consisted of "brutal whippings" by his father, who struck him for any shortcoming. The young Gaye described living in his father's house as similar to "living with a king, a very peculiar, changeable, cruel, and all powerful king". He felt that had his mother not consoled him and encouraged his singing, he would have committed suicide. His sister later explained that Gaye was beaten often, from age seven well into his teenage years.
Gaye attended Syphax Elementary School and then Randall Junior High School. Gaye began to take singing much more seriously in junior high, and he joined and became a singing star with the Randall Junior High Glee Club.
In 1953 or 1954, the Gays moved into the East Capitol Dwellings public housing project in D.C.'s Capitol View neighborhood. Their townhouse apartment was Marvin's home until 1962.
Gaye briefly attended Spingarn High School before transferring to Cardozo High School. At Cardozo, Gaye joined several doo-wop vocal groups, including the Dippers and the D.C. Tones. During his teenage years, his father often kicked him out of the house. In 1956, 17-year-old Gaye dropped out of high school and enlisted in the United States Air Force. He, like many of his peers, quickly became disenchanted with the service, which set them to menial labor instead of working on jet airplanes. Gaye later said he lost his virginity to a local prostitute while in the Air Force. He feigned mental illness and was given a general discharge; in his outgoing performance review, his sergeant wrote, "Airman Gay cannot adjust to regimentation nor authority".
Career
Early career
After Gaye left the Air Force, he formed a vocal quartet, the Marquees, with his good friend Reese Palmer. The group performed in the D.C. area and soon began working with Bo Diddley, who tried to persuade his own label, Chess, to sign them to a record deal. Failing that, he sent them to Columbia subsidiary OKeh Records. Diddley co-wrote the group's sole single, "Wyatt Earp"; it failed to chart and the group was soon dropped from the label. Gaye began composing music.Moonglows co-founder Harvey Fuqua later hired the Marquees as employees. Under Fuqua's direction, the group changed its name to Harvey and the New Moonglows, and moved to Chicago. The group recorded several sides for Chess in 1959, including the song "Mama Loocie", which was Gaye's first lead vocal recording. The group found work as session singers for established acts such as Chuck Berry, singing on the songs "Back in the U.S.A." and "Almost Grown". In 1960, the group disbanded. Gaye moved to Detroit with Fuqua, where he signed with Tri-Phi Records as a session musician, playing drums on several Tri-Phi releases. Soon, Fuqua got in touch with Motown president Berry Gordy and offered Gaye to Gordy to sign with the label's Tamla subsidiary selling half of his interest in Gaye. Marvin reportedly signed on September 19, 1960.
Gaye initially pursued a career in jazz standards, rather than in R&B or rock and roll. In May 1961, Tamla issued Marvin's first single, a rendition of "The Masquerade Is Over" under his original surname of "Gay". The single was a limited release and shortly afterwards, Marvin added an "e" to his last name. His first official single under his new name was the Gordy-penned blues ballad, "Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide", in May 1961, with the album The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye, following a month later. Gaye's initial recordings failed commercially and he spent most of 1961 performing session work as a drummer for artists such as the Miracles, the Marvelettes and blues artist Jimmy Reed for $5 a week. While Gaye took some advice on performing with his eyes open and also got pointers on how to move more gracefully onstage, he refused to attend grooming school courses at the John Robert Powers School for Social Grace in Detroit because of his unwillingness to comply with its orders, something he later regretted.
Early success
In 1962, Gaye found success as co-songwriter of the Marvelettes track "Beechwood 4-5789", on which he also played drums. His first solo hit, "Stubborn Kind of Fellow", was later released that September, reaching No. 8 on the R&B chart and No. 46 on the Billboard Hot 100 in November and December 1962 respectively. Around the time of the song's release, Gaye joined the first Motortown Revue; he was filmed along other Motown acts later that December at the Apollo Theater. In March 1963, Gaye first hit the Billboard pop top 40 with the dance song, "Hitch Hike". "Pride and Joy" was Gaye's first top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 on July 20, 1963. Gaye's first chart album was with Mary Wells on their 1964 collaborative album, Together, reaching No. 42 on the Billboard 200 and featured the double-A sided single "Once Upon a Time" / "What's the Matter with You Baby". Both sides reached the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 and increased Gaye's popularity.Most of Gaye's hit recordings during this period were of interpretations of songs given to him by the label's staff writers, the first of which were the team of Holland-Dozier-Holland, with whom he scored the hits "Can I Get a Witness" and "How Sweet It Is ", which peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1965. Later in the year, Gaye released the hit singles "I'll Be Doggone" and "Ain't That Peculiar", written for him by Smokey Robinson; both songs reached the Billboard Hot 100 top ten and became his first two number one singles on Hot R&B Singles chart, each selling a million copies. In 1966, during a chart lull where he failed to score a follow-up solo top ten single, Gaye returned to duet work with Kim Weston, scoring a top 20 hit with "It Takes Two". Gaye's aspirations of being a pop crooner continued with the release of albums such as When I'm Alone I Cry, Hello Broadway and A Tribute to the Great Nat King Cole — all of whom were released to little fanfare. A live album, recorded at the Copacabana, set for a 1967 release, was shelved due to Gaye and Gordy fighting over control of the project.
In 1967, Gaye began collaborating with Tammi Terrell on a series of hit singles such as "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "Your Precious Love", "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" and "You're All I Need to Get By", the latter three reaching the top ten of the pop charts. Gaye won his first Grammy Award nomination in the Best Rhythm & Blues Group Performance, Vocal or Instrumental category for "Ain't No Mountain High Enough". On October 14, 1967, Terrell collapsed in Gaye's arms during a performance at Hampden–Sydney College in Farmville, Virginia. Terrell was rushed to Farmville's Southside Community Hospital, where doctors discovered a malignant tumor in her brain. The diagnosis ended Terrell's career as a live performer, though she continued to record music under careful supervision; Terrell's tumor would be operated on seven times. Gaye was reportedly devastated by Tammi's sickness and became disillusioned with the record business. On October 6, 1968, Gaye sang the U.S. national anthem live for the first time during Game 4 of the 1968 World Series, held at Tiger Stadium, in Detroit, Michigan, between the Detroit Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals.
In late 1968, Gaye's recording of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" became his first to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, where it stayed for seven consecutive weeks. It also reached the top of the charts in other countries, selling more than four million copies and later won Gaye a Grammy Award nomination for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, losing to the late Otis Redding for his hit " the Dock of the Bay". However, due to his depressive mood brought on by Terrell's illness, Gaye felt the success was something he "didn't deserve" and that he "felt like a puppet – Berry's puppet, Anna's puppet". Gaye followed it up with "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" and "That's the Way Love Is", both of which reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1969. That year, his album M.P.G. became his first No. 1 album on the R&B album charts. During this period, Gaye produced and co-wrote "Baby I'm For Real" and "The Bells" for the Originals.
Tammi Terrell died from brain cancer on March 16, 1970; Gaye attended her funeral. After a period of depression, Gaye sought out a position on the professional football team, the Detroit Lions, where he later befriended Mel Farr and Lem Barney. The Lions played along for the publicity, but ultimately declined an invitation for Gaye to try out, owing to legal liabilities and fears of possible injuries that could have affected his music career.