MQM militancy
The MQM militancy referred to the militancy in Pakistan associated with the Muttahida Qaumi Movement political party, formerly known as the Mohajir Qaumi Movement, and even further back known as the All Pakistan Mohajir Students Organization.
History
Rise (1978–1992)
The ancestor of the MQM was the All Pakistan Muttahidda Students Organization, which drew its support from Muhajir defectors from the heavily armed Islami Jamiat ut-Taleba. A large number of Jamaat-i-Islami members who were ethnic Muhajirs shifted their loyalties to the MQM overnight, resulting in the elimination of the former influence of the Jamaat. APMSO was radicalised when in 1985-86 the first major clashes took place between Karachi's Muhajir and Pushtun communities. Faced by the superior firepower brought in by Afghan refugees, MQM dispatched a delegation of APMSO members to Hyderabad to meet a militant group from the Sindhi nationalist student organization, the JSSF. APMSO were given some small firearms by PSF in the early 1980s, but it was JSSF that sold the APMSO its first large cache of AK-47s that were then used to tame the heavily armed IJT in 1987 and 1988, eventually breaking IJT's hold at KU and in various other state-owned campuses in Karachi. Amidst ethnic violence, MQM's armed wings used street fighting and urban warfare as ethnic Muhajirs sought to use violence to control governing structures and appointments such as the Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Municipal Corporation and the Karachi Developmental Authority. During the MQM's stint in power in 1991, when it was part of the provincial government of Sindh, the party endorsed and participated in raids and the mass-arrests of its political rivals. Additionally, the MQM, supported by the government, was accused of operating as a mafia organization where its heavily armed militants used extortion and coercion to increase their influence.1992–1994 Operation Clean-up
The ancestor of the MQM was the All Pakistan Muttahidda Students Organization, drew its support from Muhajir defectors from the heavily armed Islami Jamiat ut-Taleba. A large number of Jamaat-i-Islami members who were ethnic Muhajirs shifted their loyalties to the MQM overnight, resulting in the elimination of the former influence of the Jamaat. APMSO was radicalized when in 1985–1986 the first major clashes took place between Karachi's Muhajir and Pashtun communities. Faced by the superior firepower brought in by Afghan refugees, MQM dispatched a delegation of APMSO members to Hyderabad to meet a militant group from the Sindhi nationalist student organization, the Jeay Sindh Students' Federation. APMSO were given some small firearms by PSF in the early 1980s, but it was JSSF that sold the APMSO its first large cache of AK-47s that were then used to tame the heavily armed IJT in 1987 and 1988, eventually breaking IJT's hold at Karachi University and in various other state-owned campuses in Karachi. Amidst ethnic violence, MQM's armed wings used street fighting, gang warfare and urban warfare as ethnic Muhajirs sought to use violence to control governing structures and appointments such as the Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Municipal Corporation and the Karachi Developmental Authority. During the MQM's stint in power in 1991, when it was part of the Provincial Government of Sindh, the party endorsed and participated, in raids, mass-arrests, and assassinations of its political rivals/opponents. Additionally, MQM was accused of operating as a mafia organization where its heavily armed militants used extortion and coercion to increase their influence.1994–2016 Violence
During the months of May and June in 1994, the MQM carried out a series of attacks following the end of Operation clean-up. These included car bombings, riots, and secret killings, leading to the deaths of around 750 people, including non-native Urdu speakers and others who were considered opponents of MQM. The conflict was its most bloodiest in May 1995, when MQM militants resurfaced to the ground, and attacked government offices, police stations and ambushed police patrols using assault rifles, pistols, small arms, and even rocket launchers. Although sporadic ethnic violence and sectarian violence had been a permanent feature of the Karachi landscape since 1980s, the level of organization and intensity of the violence in 1995 was unprecedented. About 300 people were killed in the month of June, the death toll reached 600 deaths in two months and 2,000 deaths in a year attributed to ethnic violence, leading analysts to compare the situation to the Kashmir insurgency which were also taking place in the 1990s. On June 25, 1995, nearly 80 policemen were killed in a five-week long assault by the MQM militants, and a total of 221 security forces were killed over the year, while over the course of 70 police operations more than 121 terrorists were jilled who were believed to be affiliated with MQM. By 1996 it was described as a virtual civil war between the Pakistani Law Enforcement and Pakistani Paramilitary Forces on one side and MQM-affliated militants on the other.In 2002, the MQM assumed office in the Sindh Provincial Government and were elected to the Karachi City Government from 2006 to 2008, while newspapers in Karachi were accusing the MQM of eliminating opponents with impunity. This also involved violent, unchecked land expansion and real estate 'entrepreneurs' who were speculated to be illegally or violently occupying land driven by powerful political patrons in the MQM.
Karachi experienced an exceptionally high level of violence in 2011 with some 800 people killed, where the MQM was widely viewed as the perpetrator of targeted killings, out of a total 1800 killings in Karachi.
Militant recruits
MQM's armed wing was composed of thousands of criminals, hitmen and university student-origin activists belonging to APMSO. MQM's militant wing had as many as 35,000 militants in Karachi and Hyderabad. According to ethnographic research conducted by Khan and Gayer, the militant members of the MQM were made up of both professional militants and part-time militants, the latter who carried out violent activities only occasionally. Some of the professional militants were trained in Afghanistan, and the MQM had a separate headquarters known as 'peeli kothi' located in Liaquatabad/Lalukhet, where they planned and organized violent activities. Initially, this location was used as a torture chamber for the party's political opponents, and later, it housed party cadres recruited for violent activities. The Sindh Rangers alleged that the MQM's military wing had an "elite corps" engaged in torture and murder without the approval or knowledge of the party's leadership. The recruitment process included inspiration from Altaf Hussain and the promise of "career, income, power, respect, leadership, and brotherly love."Criticism
In the mid-1990s, the U.S State Department, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and others accused MQM-London and a rival faction, MQM-Haqiqi, of summary killings, torture, and other abuses. The MQM-A routinely denied any involvement in the violence.The party's use of extra-legal activities in conflicts with political opponents have led it to be accused of terrorism. The party's strongly hierarchical order and personalist leadership style led to some critics labelling the MQM as fascist. Additionally, MQM was accused of operating as a mafia organization where its heavily armed militants used extortion and coercion to increase their influence.
The Associated Press referred to MQM as an ethnic militant group. The government blamed MQM for much of the killings in Karachi in the 1990s.
Crackdowns on MQM
Pucca Qila Operation (1990)
The Pakka Qila Operation was launched by Sindh Police to target MQM workers in Pakka Qilla Hyderabad. Anywhere from 70–250 besieged people were killed during the operation, which carried on for 275 hours before Pakistan army troops were ordered by the President to move in in order to stop the violence.1992–94
From 1992 to 1994, the MQM was the target of Operation Clean-up. The period is regarded as the bloodiest period in Karachi's history, with thousands of MQM militants, workers, and supporters killed or gone missing. Although more 30 years have passed since the alleged arrest or disappearance of MQM workers, families of the missing people are still hopeful after registering the cases in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The operation left thousands of civilians dead. During Operation Blue Fox there was growing concern that the Sindh rangers and Sindh police were involved in human rights abuses, including beatings, extortion, disappearances and torture of suspected militants in encounters. As the police and rangers carried out raids, mass round-ups and siege-and-search operations in pursuit of MQM leaders and militants for over 30 months, thousands of ordinary MQM workers and supporters were subjected to arbitrary arrest and detention, beatings, torture, extortion, and other ill-treatment.1994–96 Operation
During tenure of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, interior minister Naseerullah Babar conducted second operation against MQM between 1994 and 1996. On 5 September 1995, 8 MQM supporters were killed and 11 were injured when security forces attacked what the MQM billed as a peaceful protest against abuses by security forces against MQM female workers. Due to serious doubts over credibility of operation due to encounters, extrajudicial executions and rise of killings in Karachi, Benazir Bhutto's government was dismissed by the then President of Pakistan, Farooq Ahmed Laghari.Killing of Farooq Dada
On 2 August 1995, Farooq Patni, alias Farooq Dada, and three other MQM militants, Javed Michael, Ghaffar Mada and Hanif Turk, were shot dead by police in an armed encounter near the airport when they failed to stop and opened fire on the police.Farooq Dada was the leader of MQM's Nadeem Commando and was considered to be Pakistan's most wanted man and had a 1.5 million rupee price on his head and was wanted for over 140 cases and the murder of over two dozen police officers. Dada was allegedly involved in many killings, extortions and kidnappings.
Armed police officers were waiting for him near the airport after being told that he was moving weapons from the Karachi's Malir district. The Sindh Police claimed that Farooq Dada and three others were on their way to Jinnah International Airport to blow up a PIA plane when police, moved in after being tipped off on their whereabouts. Dada and his three accomplices opened fire on the police as they attempted to do stop and pin down his car. A gun battled ensued in which 10 heavily armed officers fired back back. When officers examined the wreckage of his car they found a weapons cache which included machine guns, AKMs, 4 thousand rounds of ammunition and even an RPG-7.
Despite this, their family members claimed that the men had earlier been arrested from their homes. Another MQM worker, Mohammad Altaf, arrested later on the same day was reportedly identified by Farooq Dada and his three companions when they were brought to Altaf's house by police to help identify him. Witnesses were reported to have seen the four MQM workers at the time of Altaf's arrest; they were, at that time, reportedly held in shackles.