List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars

A

• Ali, Arabic grammarian, rhetoric, theologian, exegesist.
• Abbas Ibn Firnas, astronomer, mathematician, physicist, inventor
• Aisha al-Bauniyya, an Arab woman Sufi master and poet
• Avempace, philosopher, astronomer, physician
• Ammar al-Mawsili, ophthalmologist and physician
• Ali al-Uraidhi, Muslim scholar
• Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal, physician and ophthalmologist
• Ali al-Hadi, Islamic scholar
• Ali ibn al-Madini, Islamic scholar and traditionalist
• Ali ibn Ridwan, astronomer and geometer with Khalid Ben Abdulmelik
• Ali al-Ridha, Islamic scholar and theologian
• Ahmad ibn Hanbal, theologian, ascetic, and hadith traditionist
• Ahmad al-Muhajir, scholar and teacher
• Ahmad ibn Yusuf, mathematician
• Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri, Maliki jurist
• Apollodorus of Damascus, architect, engineer, and designer
• Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami, religious scholar of Sufism
• Abdullah ibn Umar, Islamic scholar and hadith narrator
• Abd Allah al-Qaysi, Muslim jurist and theologian
• Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh, hadith narrator and theologian
• Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, founder of Arabic prose
• Ibn Abbas, jurist and theologian
• Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad, Sufi saint and jurist
• Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi, Islamic scholar and a prominent hadith master
• Abd al-Aziz Yemeni Tamimi, Sufi saint and scholar
• Abu al-Fazal Yemeni Tamimi, Sufi saint and mystic
• Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, grammarian
• Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, philosopher, Shafi'i scholar and theologian
• Abu Jafar al-Ghafiqi, an Arab botanist, pharmacologist, physician and scholar
• Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, Islamic scholar and judge of Maliki law
• Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam, mathematician
• Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala' linguists and grammarian
• Abu Bakr al-Aydarus, religious scholar of Sufism
• Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali, was an Arab maker of astronomical instruments and an astrologer
• Al-Ashraf Umar II, astronomer and ruler of Yemen
• Al-Akhfash al-Akbar, Arab grammarian
• Al-Awza'i, jurist and theologian
• Al-Asma'i, pioneer of zoology, botany and animal husbandry
• Ibn Abi Asim, scholar, famous or his work in the hadith science
• Ibn al-'Awwam, agriculturist and botanist
• Ibn al-Adim, biographer and historian
• Ibn al-A'lam, astronomer and astrologer
• Ibn al-Athir, historian and biographer
• Ibn al-Abbar, historian, poet, diplomat, theologian and scholar
• Ibn al-Akfani, Arab encyclopedist and physician
• Ibn 'Adlan, cryptographer and poet
• Ibn Arabi, Islamic scholar and philosopher
• Ibn Arabshah, writer and traveller

  B

• Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
• Bahlool, judge and scholar
• Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi, mathematician
• Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveler
• Al-Baqillani, theologian, scholar, and Maliki lawyer
• Al-Battani, astronomer and mathematician
• Al-Baladhuri, historian
• Al-Buni, writer and mathematician
• Al-Bakri, geographer and historian
• Al-Baji, Sufi mystic and scholar
• Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi, mathematician, astronomer, Islamic scholar, Sufi, and astrologer
• Ibn al-Baitar, pharmacist, botanist, physician
• Ibn Bassal, botanist and agronomist
• Ibn Bassam, poet and historian
• Ibn Butlan, Arab Christian physician

  C

• Cosmas, Arab physician and saint
• Calid, Umayyad prince and alchemist
• Callinicus, historian, orator, rhetorician and sophist

  D

• Damian, Arab physician and saint
• Dawud al-Antaki, physician and pharmacist
• Dawud Tai, Islamic scholar and Sufi mystic
• Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi, Hanbali Islamic scholar
• Abu Dawood , Islamic scholar
• Al-Damiri, zoologist
• Al-Dakhwar, physician
• Al-Darimi, Islamic scholar and muhaddith
• Al-Dimashqi, geographer
• Al-Dimashqi, Abu al-Fadl, writer and economist
• Ibn al-Durayhim, cryptologist
• Ibn Dihya, scholar of Arabic language and Islamic studies
• Ibn Duraid, geographer, genealogist, poet, and philologist
• Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, one of Islam's great scholars in the fundamentals of Islamic law and belief, and was an authority in the Shafi'i legal school

  F

• Fatima al-Fihri, science patron and founder of the Al Quaraouiyine mosque
• Fatima bint Musa, theologian and saint
• Ibn Fallus, mathematician
• Al-Farahidi, writer and philologist, compiled the first dictionary of the Arabic language, the Kitab al-Ayn
• Al-Fasi, Abu al-Mahasin, Sufi saint
• Al-Farghani, astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus
• Ibn al-Furat, historian
• Ibn al-Farid, Arabic poet, writer, and philosopher
• Ibn Fadlan, writer, traveler, member of an embassy of the Caliph of Baghdad to the Volga Bulgars

  G

• Genethlius, sophist and rhetorician from Petra
• Al-Ghafiqi, 12th-century oculist
• Al-Ghassani, physician

  H

• Haly Abenragel, astrologer, best known for his Kitāb al-bāri' fi ahkām an-nujūm
• Harbi al-Himyari, alchemist
• Hasan al-Rammah, chemist and engineer
• Hamdallah Mustawfi, geographer
• Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Arab Christian scholar, physician, and scientist
• Heliodorus, sophist of Arab origin
• Hisham ibn al-Kalbi, historian
• Hafsa bint Sirin, scholar of Islam
• Harun ibn Musa, scholar of the Arabic language and Islamic studies.
• Harith al-Muhasibi, philosopher, theologian and Sufi scholar
• Abu'l-Hasan al-Bayhaqi, astronomer and historian
• Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi, traveler, merchant and sailor
• Abul Hasan Hankari, philosopher, theologian and jurist
• Al-Hamdani, geographer, historian and astronomer
• Al-Humaydī al-Azdi, historian
• Al-Harith ibn Kalada, physician
• Al-Hilli, Twelver Shia theologian
• Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Egyptian historian
• Ibn al-Haj, scholar and theologian writer
• Ibn al-Haytham, physicist and mathematician
• Ibn Hawqal, writer, geographer, and chronicler
• Ibn Hubal, physician, scientist and author of a medical compendium
• Ibn Hisham, historian and biographer
• Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, jurist and theologian

  I

• Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, mathematician and astronomer
• Ibrahim al-Nakha'i, theologian, Islamic scholar
• Ibrahim al-Nazzam, Mu'tazilite theologian and poet
• Iamblichus, Neoplatonist philosopher, mystic and philosopher
• Iamblichus, novelist and rhetorician
• Ismail Qureshi al Hashmi, Sufi scholar
• Ismail al-Jazari, scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan, artist
• Ismail ibn al-Ahmar, historian
• Ishaq ibn Hunayn, physician and translator
• Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam, theologian and jurist
• Al-Idrisi, geographer and cartographer
• Al-ʻIjliyyah,, female maker of astrolabes
• Ibn Abi Ishaq, earliest known grammarian of the Arabic language
• Ibn Ishaq, historian and hagiographer
• , Mathematician
• Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, geographer, historian, poet, and collector of poetry from al-Andalus.

  J

• Ja'far al-Sadiq, theologian and alchemist
• Jabir ibn Aflah, astronomer and mathematician who invented torquetum
• Jabir ibn Hayyan, alchemist and polymath, pioneer of organic chemistry; may also have been Persian
• Jābir ibn Zayd, theologian and jurist
• Al-Jawaliqi, grammarian and philologist
• Al-Jahiz, historian, biologist and author
• Al-Jayyānī, mathematician and author
• Al-Jawbari, alchemist and writer
• Al-Jabali, physician and mathematician from Al-Andalus
• Al-Jubba'i, Mu'tazili theologian and philosopher
• Al-Jazari, inventor, engineer, artisan
• Al-Jarmi, grammarian of Arabic Language
• Ibn al-Jazzar, influential 10th-century physician and author
• Ibn al-Jawzi, heresiographer, historian, hagiographer and philologist
• Ibn Juzayy, historian, scholar and writer of poetry
• Ibn Juljul, physician and pharmacologist
• Ibn Jazla, physician and author of influential treatise on regimen
• Ibn Jubayr, geographer, traveller and poet, known for his detailed travel journals

  K

• Khalifah ibn Khayyat, Arab historian
• Khwaja al-Ansari, Islamic scholar
• Al-Khalili, astronomer who compiled extensive tables for astronomical use
• Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Islamic scholar and historian
• Al-Khayyat, astrologer and a student of Mashallah
• Al-Kindi, Arab philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, physician and geographer
• Ibn al-Khabbaza, historian and poet
• Ibn al-Kammad, astronomer
• Ibn al-Kattani, scholar, philosopher, physician, astrologer, man of letters, and poet
• Ali ibn Khalaf, astronomer
• Ibn al-Khatib, polymath, poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician
• Ibn Kathir, influential Sunni scholar and historian
• Ibn Khaldun, historian, sociologist, and philosopher

  L

• Al-Laqani, mufti of Maliki law, a scholar of Hadith, a scholar of theology and author of one of the didactic poems on Ash'ari theology
• Al-Lakhmi, jurist in the Maliki school

  M

• Malik ibn Anas, theologian, and hadith traditionist
• Maslama al-Majriti, astronomer, chemist, mathematician, economist
• Moulay Brahim, Sufi saint
• Mujir al-Din, qadi and historian
• Mohammed al-Mahdi al-Fasi, mystic, biographer and historian
• Mohammed al-Arbi al-Fasi, author
• Mohammed ibn Qasim al-Tamimi, hadith scholar and biographer
• Mohammed ibn Nasir, theologian, scholar and physician
• Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, Muslim scholar and saint
• Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Islamic scholar, theologian and famous hadith compiler
• Mujahid ibn Jabr, Islamic scholar and jurist
• Mohammed ibn al-Tayyib, linguist, historian and scholar of fikh and hadith
• Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer
• Muhammad al-Baghdadi, mathematician
• Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi, an Arab doctor, ophthalmologist and pharmacist
• Muhammad Ibn Wasi' Al-Azdi, Islamic scholar of hadith, judge and soldier
• Muhammad al-Shaybani, father of Muslim international law
• Muhammed ibn Umail al-Tamimi, Arab alchemist
• Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam, physician, musician and astrologer
• Abu Mikhnaf, historian
• Abu Madyan, influential Andalusian mystic and a Sufi master
• Al-Masudi, historian, geographer and philosopher, traveled to Spain, Russia, India, Sri Lanka and China, spent his last years in Syria and Egypt
• Al-Maʿarri, blind Arab philosopher, poet and writer
• Al-Maqrizi, historian
• Al-Maqdisi, medieval Arab geographer, author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat il-Aqalim
• Al-Maziri, jurist in the Maliki school
• Al-Mubarrad, grammarian and linguist
• Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik, mathematician
• Al-Musabbihi, Fatimid historian
• Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi mechanical engineer and inventor
• Ibn al-Majdi, mathematician and astronomer
• Ibn Manzur, lexicographer and linguist
• Ibn Malik grammarian
• Ibn Mājid, navigator and poet
• Ibn Maḍāʾ, mathematician and grammarian