K. M. Mani
Karingozhackal Mani Mani was an Indian politician from Kerala and the long-time chairman of Kerala Congress (M), one of the principal factions of the Kerala Congress, a regional party known for its influence in agrarian and Christian-dominated regions of the state. He was a dominant figure in Kerala politics for over five decades and held several key ministerial portfolios, including Finance, Home, Revenue, and Law.
Mani remains the longest-serving member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly, having continuously represented the Pala constituency from its inception in 1965 until his death in 2019. His later political career, however, was marked by controversy, most notably the 2014–2015 bar bribery allegations, following which he resigned as Kerala’s Finance Minister in November 2015 after adverse observations by the Kerala High Court, even as the case remained under investigation.
Early life
He was born to Aliyamma and K. T. Mani of the Karingozhackal Family. He started his political career by being the Congress president of Marangattupilly ward. He was married to Congress veteran P. T. Chacko's cousin, Kuttiyamma, and has six children: five daughters—Elsa, Sally, Anie, Tessy and Smitha—and one son, Jose K. Mani present chairman of Kerala Congress.Political career
Overview
Mani practiced as a lawyer before entering into politics as an active member of the Indian National Congress. He served as the Kottayam DCC Secretary from 1960 till 1964.He was minister for Home Affairs.
He was minister for Finance and Law, Irrigation and law, Revenue and Law, Revenue and Law, Revenue and Law. He has never lost an election in the Legislative Assembly.
As Member of [Kerala Congress] (1965–1979)
Mani joined Kerala Congress in 1965 right before Kerala Legislative Assembly election. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1965 from the Palai Assembly Constituency of Kottayam district. He won all the twelve elections that followed in 1967, 1970, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016.Theory of the Toiling Class
K. M. Mani, was the man behind the ‘Theory of utmost pragmatism’. The theory, an all-purpose political theory, made him acceptable to everyone. According to him, farmers, agriculture labourers and other workers belong to the category of working class and they should stand together to ensure their rights. As per his vision, farmers and agriculture labourers are two sides of the same coin and their union was essential for the upliftment of the agriculture sector, which proved right in the later years, especially in central Travancore. The financial resolution presented by Mani at the party's Aluva conference in 1973 was a prelude to this theory. Mani coined this theory at a time when the Communist theory classified the people as labourers and rich men. The significance of Mani was that even the Left was forced to accept this theory when it decided to bring farmers into their fold.Kerala congress (M)
In 1979 he parted ways with Kerala congress leader P.J. Joseph to form a new party called Kerala Congress (Mani).However, in 1985 Kerala congress leaders K. M. Mani, P. J. Joseph from Kerala Congress (Joseph),
R. Balakrishna Pillai and their parties merged forming the united Kerala Congress. This party split in 1987.
He lost the Chief Minister post of Kerala in 1979 when P. K. Vasudevan Nair resigned. Then C. H. Mohammed Koya became Chief Minister and after two months Mani withdrew his party's support on that government and Koya resigned. Now Mani got another chance to become the Chief Minister, but with the interference of Congress party the Assembly was dissolved in favor of all those who did not wish him to become the Chief Minister.
Mani was not among the founders of the Kerala Congress. In the faction-ridden Kerala Congress, Mani was accused by political foes as having engineered many a split in the party.
He is the longest-serving Member of the Legislative Assembly in the history of Kerala Legislative Assembly.
In a public function organized at Ramapuram, Palai in October 2009, M. M. Jacob, senior Congress leader, and former Meghalaya Governor said that he advised Mani in 1965 to contest the Congress party label and if it was done Mani would have become the Chief Minister very early. Again he said that now Mani was fully eligible for the post of Chief Minister.
In 2009, Mani got the P. R. Francis award for the best social worker of Kerala. After presenting the award to Mani in a function organized at Thrissur, Congress leader Oommen Chandy invited him to Congress party. But Mani rejected.
On 2 November 2009, P. C. George's faction of the Kerala Congress decided to merge with Kerala Congress. This was a major breakthrough in Kerala politics since George criticized Mani for many years.
On 30 April 2010, P. J. Joseph resigned his ministerial post and declared that his Kerala Congress was going to merge with Kerala Congress. Political analysts have estimated that this decision would help Kerala Congress to sweep almost all the assembly seats in Central Travancore region and would create a new diversion in Kerala politics.
His initiative of the Karunya Lottery Benevolent Scheme claims financial help for poor people from lottery revenue. His Theory of the Toiling Class was presented in the British Parliament. Based on Kerala High court's comments on Mani's involvement in Kerala BAR license scam and bribery case, he had to resign from the post of Finance minister of Kerala on 10 November 2015.
On 9 May 2016, Mani recorded his 13th consecutive victory from his home constituency of Palai by defeating the then Left front candidate Mani C. Kappan by a lead of 4703 votes.
Literary works
He is the author of Fiscal Problems of Kerala – Causes and Remedial Measures, The People's Socialism, and The Eighth Five Year Plan – An alternative approach. He presented paper on India and Globalisation: Asian Economic Community – Need of the Day at the National Seminar held in New Delhi on 22 December 1994.Death
He died on 9 April 2019 in Lakeshore Hospital, Kochi due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Controversies
Public image and criticism
During the bar bribery controversy of 2014–2015, Mani was frequently referred to by political opponents and sections of the media as “Kozhamaani”, a sobriquet that emerged in public discourse following allegations that he had accepted bribes from bar owners while serving as Finance Minister. The term gained traction in political speeches, protest slogans, and satirical commentary during the period of intense public debate surrounding the case.Mani consistently denied the allegations, describing them as politically motivated, and maintained his innocence until his death. While the nickname continued to be used by critics, supporters argued that it reflected the polarised nature of Kerala’s political climate rather than a judicial finding of guilt.
Bar bribery allegations (2014–2015)
In October 2014, Biju Ramesh, working president of the Kerala State Bar Hotel Association, alleged that K. M. Mani had demanded ₹5 crore and accepted ₹1 crore as a bribe to facilitate the renewal of liquor licences for 418 bars affected by the state’s revised liquor policy.Following a complaint by Opposition Leader V. S. Achuthanandan, the Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau registered a case. Although vigilance reports later stated that sufficient evidence to prosecute was lacking, the Kerala High Court made adverse observations in November 2015, noting that “Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion.” Subsequently, Mani resigned as Finance Minister on 10 November 2015.
Special vigilance courts later rejected multiple closure reports filed by the agency and ordered further investigation on several occasions.
2015 Kerala Legislative Assembly violence
The allegations against Mani triggered unprecedented scenes in the Kerala Legislative Assembly on 13 March 2015, when opposition legislators attempted to prevent him from presenting the state budget. The protest escalated into violence, causing damage to the Speaker’s dais and assembly equipment and disrupting proceedings.In later proceedings related to the incident, the Supreme Court of India ruled that legislators involved in vandalism inside the Assembly could not claim immunity for such actions.
Supreme Court remarks controversy (2021)
In July 2021, a political controversy arose when a counsel representing the Kerala government in the Supreme Court reportedly referred to Mani as a “corrupt Finance Minister” while justifying the 2015 Assembly protest. The remark triggered objections from Kerala Congress, led by Mani’s son Jose K. Mani, which was then allied with the ruling Left Democratic Front.The state government later clarified that the remark was misinterpreted and did not reflect its official position.