Kapalabhati
Kapalabhati is an important shatkarma, a purification in hatha yoga. The word kapalabhati is made up of two Sanskrit words: kapāla meaning "skull", and bhāti meaning "shining, illuminating". It is intended mainly for cleaning the sinuses but according to the Gheranda Samhita has magical curative effects.
In the Jivamukti Yoga of David Life and Sharon Gannon, three forms of Kapalabhati are practised, derived from the Gheranda Samhita 1:54:
- Vatakrama, a practice similar to the pranayama technique of Bhastrika or "Breath of Fire", except that exhalation is active while inhalation is passive, the opposite of normal breathing.
- Vyutkrama, a practice similar to Jala neti, it involves sniffing water through the nostrils and letting it flow down into the mouth, and then spitting it out.
- Shītkrama, essentially the reverse of Vyutkrama, in which water is taken through the mouth and expelled through the nose.
Science (Mechanism of action) of Kaplbhati
A 2025 systematic review titled Yogic Bellows, Neural Sparks published in the Annals of Neurosciences explored the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying Kapalbhati. The authors describe Kapalbhati as a dynamic breathing technique characterized by rapid, forceful exhalations followed by passive inhalations. They propose that the repeated diaphragmatic contractions act as a “respiratory pacemaker,” synchronizing cortical and subcortical oscillations. This rhythmic stimulation is hypothesized to enhance prefrontal–limbic connectivity, modulate autonomic balance through vagal afferents, and increase cerebrovascular pulsatility. The review further suggests that the high‑frequency breathing pattern may entrain neural activity in the gamma band, supporting heightened alertness and executive control. Additionally, the mechanical stimulation of baroreceptors during forceful exhalations is linked to improved cardiorespiratory coupling and reduced sympathetic arousal, offering a plausible mechanism for Kapalbhati’s reported effects on mental clarity and emotional regulation. This stimulation is hypothesized to stimulate the preBotzinger complex and regulate the rhythm of breathing and also trigger the release of specific neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, including oxytocin and norepinephrine, which facilitates emotional regulation and cognitive enhancement.