Judges 9


Judges 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the activities of judge Gideon's son, Abimelech, belonging to a section comprising Judges 6 to 9 and a bigger section of Judges 6:1 to 16:31.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 57 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis. Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 1Q6 with extant verses 1–3, 5–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49.
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Analysis

A linguistic study by Chisholm reveals that the central part in the Book of Judges can be divided into two panels based on the six refrains that state that the Israelites did evil in Yahweh's eyes:
Panel One
Panel Two
Furthermore, from the linguistic evidence, the verbs used to describe the Lord's response to Israel's sin have chiastic patterns and can be grouped to fit the division above:
Panel One
Panel Two
Chapters 6 to 9 record the Gideon/Abimelech Cycle, which has two major parts:
  1. the account of Gideon
  2. the account of Abimelech.
The Abimelech Narrative is really a sequel of the Gideon account, resolving a number of complications originated in the Gideon Narrative.
It contains a prologue, followed by two parts:
  1. Part 1: Abimelech's rise
  2. Part 2: Abimelech's decline.
Each of these two parts has a threefold division with interlinks between the divisions, so it displays the following structure:

The rise of Abimelech (9:1–24)

After Gideon's death, his son of a concubine, Abimelech, appealed to his mother's kin in Shechem for support in his plans to take over the political power. Using the money from his kinsmen Abimelech hired mercenaries to kill all other Gideon's sons, a total 70 of them. Gideon's youngest son of the seventy, Jotham, survived the slaughter and went to the top of Mount Gerizim to deliver a mashal to the people about useful trees, which decline rulership as beneath them, allow the useless and prickly bramble to reign over them with disastrous ending. Jotham's speech was a righteous complaint of a wronged person that would bring about vengeance through divine intervention, as the subsequent story of Abimelech's decline shows. The parable is often recited on Tu BiShvat in Israel until today. The bramble or "jujube" was translated from Hebrew אטד, that is, Ziziphus spina-christi which according the Christian tradition was used to make Crown of thorns placed on the head of Jesus Christ during his crucifixion.

Verse 5

  • "Ophrah": A place within the territory of the tribe of Manasseh in the west of Jordan, only mentioned in 5 verses of Hebrew Bible : Judges 6:11, 6:24, 8:27, 8:32, 9:5, all in connection with Gideon and with his son Abimelech, because it is a family property, belonging to Joash the Abiezrite, the father of Gideon. Apparently located not far from the plain of Esdraelon.
  • "Seventy men": the same number as Ahab's sons slaughtered in Jehu's time.
OpenBible lists 7 possible identifications in modern places:
  1. Afula
  2. Khirbet Taiyibeh
  3. Ramat Rahel
  4. Et Taiyibeh
  5. Silat ad Dhahr
  6. Farata
  7. Tell el Farah

    The demise of Abimelech (9:25–57)

As predicted by Jotham, the evil coup without 'good faith' was doomed to failure and that those who were disloyal to Gideon would also be disloyal to Abimelech. The divine control of Abimelech's demise is stated as YHWH 'sent an evil spirit' between Abimelech and the Shechemites The Shechemite chieftains soon transferred their affections to a new strongman while attempting to undermine the Abimelech's leadership credentials through the taunts of some drunken louts. Abimelech and his loyalist, Zebul, succeeded in defeating Gaal, the challenger, and then proceeded to take further vengeance on the people of Shechem. Abimelech continued with his vengeance at Thebez, another fortress city, but this time, an unnamed woman threw down an upper millstone and crushed Abimelech's skull. Abimelech quickly begged his armor-bearer to kill him so it wouldn't be said that a woman actually killed him. Abimelech's death concludes the whole Gideon Narrative.

Verses 52–53

  • "Upper millstone": A hand mill usually consists of an upper millstone and larger lower stone to grind grains placed between the stones. An upper millstone was typically about thick and in diameter, probably weighed 25–30 pounds.