Judges 5


Judges 5 is the fifth chapter of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition, the book was attributed to the Hebrew prophet Samuel, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic history, which spans the Book of Deuteronomy through the Books of Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformist Judean king Josiah in the 7th century BCE. This chapter records the activities of judge Deborah, belonging to a section comprising Judges 3:1 to [|5:31].

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 31 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis.
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Analysis

A linguistic study by Chisholm reveals that the central part in the Book of Judges can be divided into two panels based on the six refrains that state that the Israelites did evil in Yahweh's eyes:
Panel One
Panel Two
Furthermore from the linguistic evidence, the verbs used to describe the Lord's response to Israel's sin have chiastic patterns and can be grouped to fit the division above:
Panel One
Panel Two
The victory song attributed to Deborah in this chapter is one of the oldest extant Israelite literary compositions dating to around the 12th century BCE, roughly contemporaneous with the period of time it depicts. Comparable to earlier works of the Canaanites discovered at Ugarit, the composition is characterized by a 'parallelistic variety of repetition whereby imagery unfolds in a beautifully layered or impressionistic style' so that 'the parallel line adds colour, nuance, or contrast to its neighbouring description'. The lines
are generally about parallel in length. The content itself draws upon traditional Israelite media of expression, also employed by others in the biblical tradition.

Title (5:1)

  • "Sang": The Hebrew verb is in the form of singular feminine to indicate that the following ode was the composition of Deborah the prophetess, and was sung by her, assisted by Barak, who perhaps sang the antistrophe parts, in alternate verses, answering each other, because there are parts which Deborah could not sing, as well as parts which Barak could not sing. In the Hebrew Bible, this hymn, like the songs of Moses, is distinguished in the writing format as being poetry. In the Israelite tradition a 'victory song' like this is a genre frequently associated with women composers.

    Song of Deborah (5:2–31)

The structure of the Song of Deborah is as follows:
The call to hear this song contains parallel terms and syntax with the formulaic introduction 'hear/give ear', to state that YHWH, both the muse and victor, is the ultimate source and receiver of the song.
Verses 24–27 present another version of the tale of Jael in wonderfully economic style, with the repetition that underscores the violent turn in the action as Jael is described as one who strikes, crushes, shatters, and pierces, as she at the same time seduced and slaughtered the enemy. In contrast to Jael as a tent-dwelling woman, the mother of Sisera is a noblewomen peering from a house with lattice-work windows, accompanied by ladies-in-waiting, but instead of expecting the coming of Sisera with the spoils of war, it was Sisera himself who has been despoiled at the hands of a warrior woman.

Verse 6

  • "Shamgar": a judge who succeeded Ehud, but perhaps did not live long. During his time until 'now', under Jabin's oppression, things were as described in this verse.
  • "The highways were unoccupied": literally, "kept holiday", such as stated in Leviticus 26:22, that the grass grew on them; there was no one to occupy them or as in other parts of the Hebrew Bible: "the highways lie waste, the wayfaring man ceaseth", "the land was desolate after them, that no man passed through nor returned".

    Verse 31

The abrupt burst by which the song ends depicts the completeness of the overthrow, causing it to be long remembered as an example of Israel's triumph over God's enemies.
  • "So the land had rest": This statement is not a part of the song, but concludes the whole story. The account is the last of any attempt by the Canaanites to re-conquer the land they had lost.