Jack Yates
John Henry "Jack" Yates was an American freedman, minister, and community leader. Born enslaved in Gloucester County, Virginia, on July 11, 1828, Yates was taught to read at an early age by his enslaver's child. He married Harriet Willis, who was enslaved on a neighboring farm. When her enslaver moved his plantation to Texas to avoid emancipation, Yates, then a free man, asked to be re-enslaved in order to stay with his family. He joined his family in Matagorda County, Texas, until their emancipation in 1865. The family then relocated to Houston, where he helped establish Freedman's Town, purchased property, and began ministering to the community. In 1868, Yates was named the first full-time preacher of the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church, Houston's first Black baptist church. As a community leader, Yates organized Houston Academy, now Booker T. Washington High School; Bethel Baptist Church; and Houston's Emancipation Park. He died in 1897. Yates' original Houston home, the Jack Yates House, was donated to Houston's Heritage Society and first opened to the public in 1996.
Early life
Yates was born on July 11, 1828, in Gloucester County, Virginia, to Robert and Rachel Yates, who were both enslaved. When Rachel became the caregiver to her enslaver's child, the child taught Yates to read. Yates would stash reading material when he went to work in the fields and would sneak out at night to read it. He also began attending religious gatherings of enslaved people.Yates' enslaver brought Yates on business trips where Yates learned financial basics that later enabled him to purchase his own freedom. He met and married Harriet Willis, who was enslaved on a neighboring farm.
Relocation to Texas
Following the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, Willis's enslaver moved his plantation to Matagorda County, Texas. Yates, a free man at the time, convinced Willis's enslaver to re-enslave him so that he would not be separated from his wife and three children.Yates and his family relocated to Galveston, Texas, and were there on June 19, 1865, when General Gordon Granger issued General Order No. 3. Yates's enslavers presented the family with two options: Stay and work for free, or leave without resistance. Yates and his family chose to leave.
Freedom and move to Houston
They relocated to Houston, Texas, where Yates became a drayman. As one of the first Black freedmen in the city, he helped establish Freedman's Town, now Houston's Fourth Ward. In 1869, less than five years after his emancipation, Yates purchased property on Andrews Street where he built and designed the first two-story house in Black Houston.Ministry
On evenings and weekends, Yates preached throughout the community and conducted "horseback ministry" for Black communities within 100 miles of Houston. He began receiving attention from visiting missionaries for his literacy and ability to teach and preach.In January 1866, a group of freedmen, with help from missionaries from the First Baptist and German Baptist churches, built a structure that would become the first worship space of the Antioch Missionary Baptist Church. Yates was ordained in 1868 and named the first full-time preacher of the church, which was Houston's first Black Baptist church. There, he taught community members about personal finances, literacy, carpentry and other skills.
Yates organized Houston Academy, now Booker T. Washington High School, in 1885 or 1886. He left Antioch in 1891 to establish the Bethel Baptist Church.