Higher education in Italy
Higher education in Italy is mainly provided by a large and international network of public and state affiliated universities. State-run universities of Italy are under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of Education. There is also a number of private universities and state-run post-secondary educational centers providing a vocational instruction.
Italian universities are among the oldest universities in the world. In particular the University of Bologna, the University of Padua, founded in 1222, and the University of Naples, founded in 1224, are among the most ancient state universities in Europe. Most universities in Italy are state-supported.
33 Italian universities were ranked among the world's top 500 in 2019, the third-largest number in Europe after the United Kingdom and Germany. The Bocconi University, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, LUISS, Polytechnic University of Turin, Polytechnic University of Milan, Sapienza University of Rome, and University of Milan are also ranked among the best in the world.
In 2023, 385,952 students graduated, of which 57,3 % are women
Structure
Universities
Universities in Italy fits the framework of the Bologna Process since the adoption, in 1999, of the so-called 3+2 system. The first level degree is the Laurea triennale that can be achieved after three years of studies. Selected students can then complete their studies in the following step: two additional years of specialization which leads to the Laurea Magistrale.The "Laurea triennale" corresponds roughly to a bachelor's degree while the "Laurea Magistrale" corresponds to a master's degree. Only the Laurea Magistrale grants access to third cycle programmes, that last 2 to 5 years. However, there is just a single five-year degree "Laurea Magistrale Quinquennale" for some programmes such as Law, Arts and Music. Medical schools are part of some universities and they only offer six-year courses. The title for MA/MFA/MD/MEd graduate students is Dottore. This title is not to be confused with the PhD and Post-MA graduates, whose title is Dottore di Ricerca.
The Italian master's degree should not be confused with Italian "Masters" that are one-year specialistic postgraduate courses which guarantee a more practical education but do not necessarily give access to doctoral studies.
Universities in Italy can be divided into 4 groups:
- state-funded public universities: this category comprises most Italian universities, particularly the largest institutions.
- universities funded by other public authority : this is the case of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano.
- private universities officially recognized by the Ministry of Education.
- superior graduate schools, which focus only on postgraduate education.
Superior Graduate Schools
There are three Superior Graduate Schools with "university status", three institutes with the status of Doctoral Colleges, which function at graduate and post-graduate level. Nine further schools are direct offshoots of the universities.
The first one is the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, taking the model of organization from the famous École Normale Supérieure.
Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies also has long history of existence within overall Italian educational excellence, as its origins are in Collegio Medico-Giuridico of Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Conservatorio di Sant’Anna, an even older educational institution originating its roots in the 14th century.
These institutions are commonly referred to as "Schools of Excellence".
Professional higher education
Higher education in Italy is mainly covered by universities and superior graduate schools, with almost no professional or vocational school following the secondary education. This is considered a weak point of the Italian post-secondary education. However, Italian system provides a few vocational schools and courses. There are two main vocational paths after having obtained a secondary degree: those courses called "Istruzione e Formazione Tecnica Superiore", and the "Istituti Tecnici Superiori".The first ones, IFTS, were established in the late nineties and are managed on regional basis. An IFTS course lasts between 1 and 2 years and it is usually strictly connected with a secondary school specialised in the same field of studies. These courses were generally unsuccessfully: in 2007 on a number of 450.000 students with a secondary degree, only 2430 of them followed an IFTS course. The ITS, created in 2008, lasts 2 years and are managed by a secondary institute in collaboration with local universities or institutions.
In 2013, only 59 professional higher courses were available.
Historical
- Denley, Peter. "‘Medieval’,‘Renaissance’,‘modern’. Issues of periodization in Italian university history." Renaissance Studies 27.4 : 487-503.
- Deplano, Valeria. "Making Italians: colonial history and the graduate education system from the liberal era to Fascism." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 18.5 : 580-598.
- Lazzini, Arianna, Giuseppina Iacoviello, and Rosella Ferraris Franceschi. "Evolution of accounting education in Italy, 1890–1935." Accounting History 23.1-2 : 44-70 .
- Minio-Paluello, L. Education In Fascist Italy
- Montgomery, Walter A. Education in Italy
- Papi, Luca, et al. "Accounting for power and resistance: The University of Ferrara under the Fascist regime in Italy." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 62 : 59–76.
- Pomante, Luigiaurelio. "The Researches on the History of University and Higher Education in Italy: A Critical Appraisal of the Last Twenty Years." The Researches on the History of university and Higher Education in Italy : 1000–1031.
Italy