Integrated resource planning


Integrated resource planning is a form of least-cost planning used by the public utilities. The goal is to meet the expected long-term growth of demand with minimal cost, using a wide selection of means, from supply-side to demand-side. For example, for an electric utility the US law defines IRP as a planning process that evaluates the full range of alternatives, including new generating capacity, power purchases, energy conservation and efficiency, cogeneration and district heating and cooling applications. The methodology requires the utility to be able to influence all aspects of the supply chain from production to consumption, so in the US it is used by many vertically integrated ones. IRP effectively ends with deregulation. The deregulated utilities still can engage in the IRP, and some interest returned in late 2010s.

Background

Historically, utilities had approached long-term planning from the supply-side. However, the benefits of its consumption cannot be measured directly in kilowatt-hours; electricity is converted into other services, so improvements of the efficiency of the industrial equipment, lighting, air conditioning, household appliances can be potentially a more cost-efficient way to accommodate growth. Under the pressure of environmentalists, the IRP use started in the US in the middle of 1970s with California taking the lead, and by the 1990s the use of IRP in most of the United States was either mandated or under considerations, Europe was lagging behind.
In the perfect electricity market IRP is not needed: the demand-side would adjust on its own by the cost-reduction on the consumer size. In practice, there are many hindrances on the way of the consumer to a more efficient behavior:
  • lack of information, especially for residential and small business customers. Utilities need to plan for information and auditing actions to overcome this problem;
  • high payback expectations. A typical consumer expects a high return-on-investment. This outsized expectation can be explained by a high degree of uncertainty on the consumer side, absence of incentives in some cases, high equipment costs. Utilities can improve the situation by using a leverage they have with manufacturers by ordering equipment for the improvements in bulk.

    Advantages and disadvantages

The use of IRP brings many economic and quality of living benefits:
IRP comes with its own set of drawbacks:
  • higher electricity rates may be needed for the utility to recover the investment. The increased rates will affect some consumers disproportionally, creating the equity problems;
  • government mandating the utility to directly subsidize the low-income residential customers, thus engaging in a forced charity;
  • the energy savings and cost of the demand side management are hard to measure, unlike the expenses and results of the capacity improvements, and a too optimistic estimate of the savings can translate into problems with the resource adequacy.