Income Tax Department
The Income Tax Department is a government agency undertaking direct tax collection of the government of the Republic of India. It functions under the Department of Revenue of the Ministry of Finance. The Income Tax Department is headed by the apex body Central Board of Direct Taxes . The main responsibility of the Income Tax Department is to enforce various direct tax laws, most important among these being the Income-tax Act, 1961, to collect revenue for the government of India. It also enforces other economic laws such as the Benami Transactions Act, 1988, and the Black Money Act, 2015.
The Income Tax Act, 1961, has a wide scope and empowers ITD to levy tax on the income of individuals, firms, companies, local authorities, societies, or other artificial juridical persons. Thus, the Income Tax Department influences businesses, professionals, NGOs, income earning citizens, and local authorities, among others. The act empowers the Income Tax Department to tax international businesses and professionals and therefore ITD deals in all matters of double taxation avoidance agreements and various other aspects of international taxation such as transfer pricing. Combating tax evasion and tax avoidance practices is a key duty of ITD to ensure constitutionally guided political economy. One measure to combat aggressive tax avoidance is the general anti avoidance rule.
History
Ancient times
Taxation has been one of the key function of the sovereign state since ancient times. In Manusmriti, the Manu stated that the king has the sovereign power to levy and collect tax according to sastras.In Bodhayana Dharmasutras, it is mentioned that the king received 1/6th of income from his subjects, which was legally termed as tax. In lieu of this tax, the king had a duty to protect his subjects.
According to Kautilya's Arthashastra – an ancient treatise on the study of economics, the art of governance and foreign policy – artha had a much wider significance than wealth. According to him, the power of the government depended upon the strength of its treasury. He stated: "From the treasury comes the power of the government, and the earth, whose ornament is the treasury, is acquired by means of the treasury and army." In Raghuvamsh, Kalidas, eulogising King Dalip, said, "it was only for the good of his subjects that he collected taxes from them just as the sun draws moisture from the earth to give it back a thousand time."
Modern times
The 19th century saw the establishment of British rule in India. Following the mutiny of 1857, the British government faced an acute financial crisis. To fill up the treasury, the first Income-tax Act was introduced in February 1860 by James Wilson, who became British-India's first finance minister. The act received the assent of the governor general on 24 July 1860, and came into effect immediately. It was divided into 21 parts consisting of no less than 259 sections. Income was classified under four schedules: i) income from landed property; ii) income from professions and trade; iii) income from securities, annuities and dividends; and iv) income from salaries and pensions. Agricultural income was subject to tax.Subsequently, many laws were brought to streamline income tax laws. For example, the Super-Rich Tax was introduced in 1918, and the new Income-tax Act was passed in 1918. But most important among all these were the Income-tax Act of 1922. This act of 1922 marked an important change from the act of 1918 by shifting the administration of the income tax from the hands of the provincial government to the central government. Another remarkable feature of this act was that the rates were to be enunciated by the annual finance acts instead of in the basic enactment. Again, the new Income-tax Act came in 1939.
Contemporary times
The 1922 act was amended not less than twenty nine times between 1939 and 1956. A tax on capital gains was imposed for the first time in 1946, although the concept of ‘capital gains’ has been amended many times by later amendments. In 1956, Mr. Nicholas Kaldor was given the responsibility of investigating the Indian tax system in light of the revenue requirement of the second five-year plan. He submitted an exhaustive report for a coordinated tax system and therefore, the result was the enactment of several taxation acts, viz., the wealth-tax Act 1957, the Expenditure-tax Act, 1957 and the Gift-tax Act, 1958.The Direct Taxes Administration Enquiry Committee, under the chairmanship of Shri Mahavir Tyagi, submitted its report on 30 November 1959, and the recommendations made therein took shape of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The 1961 act came in to force with effect from 1 April 1962 by replacing the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922, which had remained in operation for 40 years. The present law of income tax is governed by the Income Tax Act, 1961, which has 298 sections and four schedules and is applicable to whole of India, including the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Administration
Administration in the Income Tax Department is run through a statutory body, the Central Board of Direct Taxes, at the apex level and 18 territory-based regional headquarters at the field offices level. Besides these are 10 specialised directorates within the Income Tax Department, most extensive and famous among these being the Directorate of Investigation.CBDT
The Central Board of Direct Taxes is a part of the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. The CBDT provides inputs for the policy and planning of direct taxes in India and is also responsible for the administration of direct tax laws through the IT Department. The CBDT is a statutory authority functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963. The officials of the Board in their ex officio capacity also function as a division of the ministry dealing with matters relating to the levy and collection of direct taxes. The CBDT is headed by a chairman and also comprises six members, all of whom are ex officio special secretaries to the government of India.The chairman and members of the CBDT are selected from the Indian Revenue Service, whose members constitute the top management of the IT Department. The chairman and every member of CBDT are responsible for exercising supervisory control over specialised functional categories at field offices of the IT Department. Various functions and responsibilities of the CBDT are distributed amongst the chairman and six members, with only fundamental issues reserved for collective decision by the CBDT. The areas for collective decision by the CBDT include policy regarding discharge of statutory functions of the CBDT and of the union government under the various direct tax laws.
Regional headquarters
At present Income Tax Department field offices are divided into 18 regions with territorial jurisdiction and one region for international taxation. As required for efficient and effective administration, these regions have some administrative autonomy to carry out duties assigned by CBDT.| Serial No. | Region | Sub-regions | Headquarter city |
| 1 | Gujarat | CCsIT, Ahmedabad-1, 2, TDS, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, DGIT, Ahmedabad | Ahmedabad |
| 2 | Karnataka & Goa | CCsIT, Bengaluru-1 & 2, TDS, Panaji, DGIT, Bengaluru | Bengaluru |
| 3 | Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh | CCsIT, Raipur, Indore, DGIT, Bhopal | Bhopal |
| 4 | Odisha | - | Bhubaneswar |
| 5 | North West Region | CCsIT Amritsar, Ludhiana, Shimla, Panchkula, DGIT, Chandigarh | Chandigarh |
| 6 | Tamil Nadu & Puducherry | CCsIT, Chennai-1 to 4, TDS, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy, DGIT, Chennai | Chennai |
| 7 | Delhi | CCsIT Delhi-1 to 9, TDS, Central, Exemptions, DsGIT, Delhi,, | Delhi |
| 8 | North East Region | CCIT, Shillong | Guwahati |
| 9 | Andhra Pradesh & Telangana | CCsIT, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Vishakhapatnam, DGIT, Hyderabad | Hyderabad |
| 10 | Rajasthan | CCsIT, Jodhpur, Udaipur DGIT, Jaipur | Jaipur |
| 11 | UP & Uttarakhand | CCsIT, Ghaziabad, Dehradun | Kanpur |
| 12 | Kerala | CCsIT, Thiruvananthapuram, DGIT, Kochi | Kochi |
| 13 | West Bengal & Sikkim | CCsIT, Kolkata-1 to 6, TDS, DGIT, Kolkata | Kolkata |
| 14 | UP | CCsIT, Allahabad, Bareilly, DGIT, Lucknow | Lucknow |
| 15 | Mumbai | CCsIT, Mumbai-1 to 11, TDS, Central-1, 2, DGIT, Mumbai, | Mumbai |
| 16 | Nagpur | - | Nagpur |
| 17 | Bihar & Jharkhand | CCIT, Ranchi, DGIT, Patna | Patna |
| 18 | Pune | CCsIT, Pune, Thane, Nasik, DGIT, Pune | Pune |
| 19 | International Taxation | CCsIT, Bengaluru, Mumbai | Delhi |
Directorates
Directorates are meant to take responsibility of specialised functions. There are 10 specialised directorates within the Income Tax Department, most extensive and famous among these being Directorate of Investigation.| Serial No. | Directorate | Head of directorate | Headquarter city |
| 1 | Investigation | 18 Director Generals of Income Tax | At respective regional headquarters |
| 2 | Systems | Principal Director General of Income Tax | New Delhi |
| 3 | Legal & Research | Principal Director General of Income Tax | New Delhi |
| 4 | Training | Principal Director General of Income Tax | NADT, Nagpur |
| 5 | Intelligence & Criminal Investigation | Director General of Income Tax | New Delhi |
| 6 | Vigilance | Principal Director General of Income Tax/CVO | New Delhi |
| 7 | Administration & Tax Payer Services | Principal Director General of Income Tax | New Delhi |
| 8 | Logistics | Principal Director General of Income Tax | New Delhi |
| 9 | Human Resource Development | Principal Director General of Income Tax | New Delhi |
| 10 | Risk Assessment | Director General of Income Tax | New Delhi |