1872 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1872 Atlantic hurricane season included a storm whose track became one of the first to be published by the United States Army Signal Service, a predecessor of the National Weather Service. The season was quiet, with only five documented tropical cyclones, of which four attained hurricane status. None of them intensified into a major hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated.
On July 9, the first known storm of the season was detected over the south-central Gulf of Mexico. This cyclone caused some locally severe flooding in Alabama after striking the Gulf Coast of the United States. No further activity is known to have occurred until August 20, around the time a storm formed near the Cabo Verde Islands. Of the two known cyclones originating in the month of September, one impacted several islands of the Lesser Antilles, including reportedly "many lives lost" on Dominica. The fifth and final system brought heavy rainfall and tidal flooding to portions of North Carolina and Virginia before becoming extratropical over the Gulf of Maine on October 27.
Season summary
ImageSize = width:800 height:200
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20
Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/07/1872 till:01/11/1872
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/07/1872
Colors =
id:canvas value:gray
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb legend:Tropical_Depression_=_≤38_mph_
id:TS value:rgb legend:Tropical_Storm_=_39–73_mph_
id:C1 value:rgb legend:Category_1_=_74–95_mph_
id:C2 value:rgb legend:Category_2_=_96–110_mph_
id:C3 value:rgb legend:Category_3_=_111–129_mph_
id:C4 value:rgb legend:Category_4_=_130–156_mph_
id:C5 value:rgb legend:Category_5_=_≥157_mph_
Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData =
barset:Hurricane
bar:Month
PlotData=
barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift: anchor:till
from:09/07/1872 till:13/07/1872 color:TS text:"One "
from:20/08/1872 till:01/09/1872 color:C2 text:"Two "
from:09/09/1872 till:20/09/1872 color:C1 text:"Three "
from:30/09/1872 till:06/10/1872 color:C1 text:"Four "
from:22/10/1872 till:27/10/1872 color:C1 text:"Five "
bar:Month width:15 align:center fontsize:S shift: anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/07/1872 till:01/08/1872 text:July
from:01/08/1872 till:01/09/1872 text:August
from:01/09/1872 till:01/10/1872 text:September
from:01/10/1872 till:01/11/1872 text:October
TextData =
pos:
text:""
The Atlantic hurricane database recognizes five tropical cyclones for the 1872 season. Four storms attained hurricane status, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph or greater. None of these systems intensified into a major hurricane, which is Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. However, neither the seasonal statistics nor the intensity of individual storms should be regarded as complete. Due to a lack modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded. Therefore, an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated.
Neither the reanalysis by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry F. Diaz in 1995 nor the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project in 2003 added or removed any storms for the 1872 season. However, of the known 1872 cyclones, significant changes were made to the tracks of second and fourth cyclones by Fernández-Partagás and Diaz, who also proposed smaller changes to the known track of third system. Further analysis by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project led to a significant revision of the track for the fifth storm. Additionally, a 2014 reanalysis study by climate researcher Michael Chenoweth indicated that three new tropical cyclones formed, although these proposals have yet to be included in the official hurricane database.
On July 9, the first known storm of the season was initially observed over the south-central Gulf of Mexico. After striking the Gulf Coast of the United States, the cyclone caused locally severe flooding in Clarke County, Alabama, but little damage elsewhere. More than a month later, the track begins for the next system on August 20. It began the strongest storm of the season, peaking as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph. Two cyclones developed in September, the first of which impacted several islands of the Lesser Antilles, with "many lives lost" on Dominica, according to a telegram to the New York Herald. The final storm of the season began as a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico on October 22. It crossed struck Florida and North Carolina, both at tropical storm intensity. Some areas of North Carolina and Virginia reported heavy rainfall and abnormally high tides.
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy rating of 65, less than the previous two seasons but not unusually low for the time. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have higher values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.
Systems
Tropical Storm One
The official track for this storm begins on July 9 due to The New York Times on the following day reporting "indications of a serious disturbance in the Gulf southwest of Florida." Moving slowly northeastward across the Gulf of Mexico, the storm likely intensified only slightly, reaching winds of 60 mph on July 10. The cyclone then curved northward and made two landfalls along the Gulf Coast of the United States on July 11, first in Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi River and a few hours later near Mississippi City. The system drifted over land and weakened to a tropical depression over central Mississippi, several hours before dissipating over the northeastern portions of the state. Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed little change to this storm's intensity, track, and duration as part of a study.In Alabama, Clarke County experienced heavy rainfall, leading to severe local crop losses, the destruction of many milldams, and the inundation of the Grand Trunk Railroad. The Clarke County Democrat newspaper reported that overall, "The damage, taken altogether, surpasses anything in the history of our county." The newspaper also noted that no reports from Mobile mentioned a storm.
Hurricane Two
HURDAT initiates the track for this storm on August 20 as a tropical storm to the west of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands. Trekking steadily west-northwestward, the cyclone strengthened into a hurricane on August 24 and turned north-northeastward on the following day. On August 29, it is estimated that the storm became a Category 2 hurricane on the present-day Saffir–Simpson scale and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph, based on observations from the ships Samplice, GanyMedes, and Ocean. The storm passed near Bermuda on August 30. By the next day, the system curved northeastward on September 1, just prior to transitioning into an extratropical cyclone near the south coast of Newfoundland. Little is known precisely about this storm before August 30, as ships did not encounter it until that date.Chenoweth's study begins this storm on August 19 as a tropical depression. He also theorized that the cyclone reached hurricane status by August 21 and strengthened more than HURDAT suggests, peaking as a Category 4 hurricane on August 25. Near the end of the storm's duration, Chenoweth suggested it struck Newfoundland on September 2, before becoming extratropical early the next day.
Hurricane Three
On September 9, a tropical storm was first observed just east of the Lesser Antilles. Over the following two days, it moved slowly north-northwestward through the islands, striking Guadeloupe on September 10 with winds of 60 mph. After moving north of the islands, the storm reached hurricane status on September 12 and is estimated to have peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph, based on records from several ships. The cyclone then headed north-northeastward for a few days, passing well east of Bermuda on September 15. By the next day, the hurricane curved northeastward and continued near that direction until it was last observed on September 20 about southwest of Cape Race, Newfoundland.Barbados, Dominica, and Saint Kitts observed sustained tropical storm-force winds, with Dominica recording sustained winds of. According to a telegram received by the New York Herald, on Dominica "the vessels were dashed to pieces, wharves broken and many lives lost.", while also noting that "great damage had been done" on Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Kitts. At least six vessels were lost on Martinique - the Chicken Hazard, Elora, Everard, Louisa, Maria Joseph, and Vengueur.
A study authored by Chenoweth suggests that the cyclone attained hurricane status on September 10, while it was passing through the Lesser Antilles, and that the system became an extratropical cyclone on September 20.
Hurricane Four
HURDAT begins the path for this system as a tropical storm to the west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands on September 30. Moving northwestward, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane on October 3 and peaked with sustained winds of 80 mph. On October 5, the system curved northeastward and then east-northeastward. A bark named Tare encountered the hurricane on October 6 to the northwest of the Azores, with the track then concluding. Little else is known about this storm due to lack of information. According to Chenoweth, this system originated as a tropical depression on September 29 and attained hurricane status by the next day. His study also suggests that the storm became an extratropical cyclone late on October 7.Hurricane Five
This hurricane began as a tropical storm about north of the Yucatán Peninsula early on October 22. Intensifying slightly as it moved northeastward across the Gulf of Mexico, the storm reached winds of 60 mph prior to making landfall near Clearwater, Florida, around 08:00 UTC on October 23. About 10 hours later, the cyclone emerged into the Atlantic just north of Cape Canaveral and then curved north-northeastward. After briefly reaching hurricane intensity on October 24, the system made landfall near Topsail Beach, North Carolina, early on October 25 with winds of 60 mph. The storm then moved generally northeastward across the Northeastern United States before emerging into the Gulf of Maine on October 27 and becoming extratropical. The system then dissipated just offshore Nova Scotia on the following day. A track for the storm's movement over the East Coast of the United States was included in the October 1872 edition of the Monthly Weather Review, making it one of the earliest cyclone paths to be published by the United States Army Signal Service, a predecessor of the National Weather Service.Little impact occurred in northeastern Florida, aside from of rainfall in Jacksonville. The Signal Service issued storm warnings along the East Coast of the United States from Wilmington, North Carolina, to New York City. The storm produced of rain in Weldon and Tarboro in North Carolina and the Norfolk area in Virginia. In Norfolk, Virginia, of precipitation occurred on October 24, setting a daily record. One two-story brick home collapsed in Richmond, but its occupants were not present. Abnormally high tides impacted many inland waterways in eastern Virginia, including Cameron Run, which reached "almost as high as ever before known", according to the Alexandria Gazette and Virginia Advertiser. Around of precipitation also fell in many coastal areas of the Mid-Atlantic and New England.
Chenoweth's study begins the track for this storm on August 23 as a tropical depression offshore the Southeastern United States. He argued that the system either did not traverse the Florida peninsula, or was not a cyclone at the time. The study proposed that the cyclone remained well-below hurricane intensity and maintained tropical storm status for only about 18 hours from October 24 to early the next day. Chenoweth also theorizes that it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Pennsylvania on October 26.