Hungarian noun phrase

In Hungarian grammar, the unmarked order of elements in the noun phrase is determiner, adjective, noun.

Grammatical marking

Grammatical gender

Hungarian does not have grammatical gender and uses a single third‑person singular pronoun wikt:ő which does not distinguish gender or animacy; this uniformity extends to verb conjugation and related forms.

Grammatical distinction between animate and inanimate things

The kinds of grammatical distinctions present between animate and inanimate things are corresponding to English's, although it appears different because - contrary to Hungarian - in English the distinction can only be explicit. Also just like in English definite article may refer to a non-sentient, or inanimate thing rather to a sentient thing

When it comes to living beings for example - it works the same way just like in English - "the wolf" is used instead of "wolf" only, likewise "John" is used instead of "the John"

However, there are arguably wrong practices in Hungarian language:

The words "this", and "that" are often used to refer to people instead of "she", and "he" word
Interestingly the "wikt:ő" word is often used to refer to inanimate things
People are often referred to putting the definitive article "wikt:a", or "wikt:az" right before their names
* For example, such a weird sentence in English would be similar to "I tell you that the John is absent"
Plurality

Generally speaking, Hungarian words can either be singular or plural. Unlike in the English language, there are no countable or uncountable plural cases. However, in Hungarian there are possessed and not possessed plural cases. Since the possessor may also be plural, the plural case is marked with either or both of two possible marks:

Neither i, nor k marks are the complete mark itself, but the main part of the mark.

Every other vowel, or consonant around these are procedural
The presence of such additional consonant, or vowel are pronounced in its entirety, and either has, or has nothing to do to the meaning
The k mark

k mark is for nouns, verbs, and adjectives

Adjectives are in case that they are used predicatively
There are many verb exceptions

So very basically k mark is used to mark

for verbs: the number of actors
for both nouns, and adjectives
# the plurality of things
# the plurality of a single thing's possessors
# the plurality of multiple things' possessors

k mark is also used specifically for proper nouns specifically with vowel "é" right before it, and that means a group of people related to that proper name. It is possible...

...to refer to a family using the family name itself, or a family member's name
...to refer to a team using a member's name from the team
...to refer to a faction using one of its member's name
etc...
* For example "Boldizsáréknál ma lecsó volt vacsorára" means "Boldizsár's family had ratatouille for dinner today "
The i mark

Contrary to English, Hungarian language tells the kind of plural case apart when multiple objects are possessed by something using i instead of k mark
For example, in Hungarian language...

...in case of "dogs" the k mark is used
...in case "his dogs" the i mark is used

So very basically a noun's, or an adjective's count is marked with the i mark, but only when it is possessed by something

This renders the k mark in the same noun, or adjective to mark the count of its possessors if the possessor is plural
Note that verbs can not be possessed so the i mark is not for verbs
* For verbs there is going to be ni suffix which is going to cast the verb into a special type of verb that can be used in place of a noun, although its plurality must be singular implicitly, but maybe infinitive verbs can be considered as the "possessed" verbs in Hungarian language
* Verbs used as nouns specifically with the s verb mark can be possessed, and marked with the i mark when such nouns are plural
Plural mark generally

For both marks a different vowel may be present right before it

Even in case of the i mark: it makes the i often pronounced as "yee" or "" despite letter j is not written

In case the addition of a new vowel would result in way too many vowels in the same place, the words last vowel is changed instead of a new vowel added

In case the root word only consists of two vowels, no vowel is taken away, or changed, except "é" is added between i, and the last vowel
* Hungarian people often refers to Europe as "Eu", or the female Greek name "Io" are susceptible to such pronunciation
Which vowel to put before either of the two marks is based on vowel harmony, that is demonstrated with underlines in the next examples

The addition, or change of a vowel is necessary when i mark is used, but conventional to the usage of the k mark
In case of i: the i part of the word is emphasized with an additional vowel right before the i because it changes its meaning. i alone at the end of a noun, or even at the end of an adjective would mean "from there", "at there" rather than the thing was possessed, and plural

For example, root word "wikt:sarok" with i:
# "wikt:sarki" means "polar", or "from the pole", or "at the corner"
# "wikt:sarkai" means "her, his, its corners"
# note that "wikt:sarkai" logically also means "from her, his, its corners", but it is uncommon to be meant that way because that meaning is rather expressed explicitly
# Also note that from the word wikt:sarki the vowel is even missing before the i mark, although wikt:sarka means "her, his, its corner" singular
#* Consonant clutters that are easy to pronounce are often more advantageous to pronounce compared to them with a vowel between generally speaking in Hungarian language, although wikt:saroki, and wikt:sarokjai are intelligible, and even used often

In case of k: the additional vowel conventionally makes the word easier to be pronounced, and it does not create ambiguity

For example + k =
Unlike i, k may even change the last vowel when it would not result in ambiguity, for example: "tree" is "wikt:fa", and "trees" are "wikt:fák" in Hungarian language

Before specifically the k mark often n is put instead of a vowel, in which case meaning is changed

For example + nk =
Although in this case k is still plurality marker, but it marks the possessor's plurality
It is worth mentioning that in this case written n right before k is pronounced

Before k mark t may be present with a vowel between t, and k 'without the root word ending with t' by default

For example + t + k =
In this case k is still plurality marker, but it marks the possessor's plurality again
Also when...
#...t appears after k
#...or t appears without k
#...or two ts appear before, and after k
...the t after means accusative case
For example, to the question: - the answers may be:
# wikt:a wikt:kalapács + t = wikt:a wikt:kalapácsot - The hammer
# wikt:a wikt:kalapács + k + t = wikt:a wikt:kalapácsokat - The hammers
# wikt:a wikt:kalapács + t + k + t = wikt:a wikt:kalapácsotokat - Your hammer
# wikt:a wikt:kalapács + i + t + k + t = wikt:a wikt:kalapácsaitokat - Your hammers
Note that t is underlined on the verb because it is the mark of past tense, not accusative case

More examples:

For example, root word "wikt:kutya" with i:
# "wikt:kutyai" means "from the dog", or "at the dog"
# "wikt:kutyái" means "its dogs"
# "wikt:kutyák" just means "dogs"
There are cases when ambiguity is not avoided for example to the word "wikt:szelő" with i:
# "wikt:szelői" means both "from cutter", and "its cutters"
# Although it does not mean "from its cutters" because that would be "wikt:szelőii"
# "wikt:szelők" just means "cutters"

Summary for everything above:

in English: dog -> dogs -> her dogs, his dogs, its dogs
in Hungarian: wikt:kutya -> wikt:kutyák -> wikt:kutyái, wikt:kutyái, wikt:kutyái
Both plural marks

So things that are possessed, and there are multiple of contain the i mark, but when the possessor is plural too both i, and k marks are used.

A single dog is owned by multiple people :
*
*
*
Multiple dogs are owned by multiple people :
*
*
*

Note that before the other kind of i mark was mentioned. That mark comes after k in case any, or both plurality markers are used. It is possible to talk about abstract placement of things generally using the other kind of i marker

For example: "A napjain'ki hírességek már nem annyira szépek" - "Famous people of these days are no longer as beautiful" literally told as: "Famous people of our days' are no longer as beautiful"

Hungarian language makes difference between "you" singular, and "you" plural for all of the related words' cases, cases of "you", and even for the word "you" itself
For singular case of "you" the above example is as follows:

A single dog is owned by a single person :
*
Multiple dogs are owned by a single person :
*

Notice that there is no k mark at all because "you" in this case is singular

For the sake of completeness here are the remaining "dog cases":

A single dog is owned by a single person :
*
*
Multiple dogs are owned by a single person :
*
*

Hungarian noun phrase

Grammatical marking

Grammatical gender

Grammatical distinction between animate and inanimate things

Plurality

The k mark

The i mark

Plural mark generally

Both plural marks