Level crossing


A level crossing is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road, path, or airport runway, at the same level, as opposed to the railway line or the road etc. crossing over or under using an overpass or tunnel. The term also applies when a light rail line with separate right-of-way or reserved track crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway level crossing, railway crossing, grade crossing or railroad crossing, road through railroad, criss-cross, train crossing, and RXR.
There are more than 100,000 level crossings in Europe and more than 200,000 in North America.
Road-grade crossings are considered incompatible with high-speed rail and are virtually non-existent in European high-speed train operations.

History

The types of early level crossings varied by location, but often they had a flagman in a nearby booth who, on the approach of a train, would wave a red flag or lantern to stop all traffic and clear the tracks. This was a dangerous job that cost the lives of gatekeepers or their family members, as the train was not given enough time to stop.
Gated crossings became commonplace in many areas, as they protected the railway from people trespassing and livestock, and they protected the users of the crossing when closed by the signalman/gateman. In the second quarter of the 20th century, manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the roadway started to be introduced, intended to be a complete barrier against intrusion of any road traffic onto the railway. Automatic crossings are now commonplace in some countries as motor vehicles replaced horse-drawn vehicles and the need for animal protection diminished with time. Full-, half- or no-barrier crossings superseded gated crossings, although crossings of older types can still be found in places.
In rural regions with sparse traffic, the least expensive type of level crossing to operate is one without flagmen or gates, with only a warning sign posted. This type has been common across North America and in many developing countries.
Some international rules have helped to harmonise level crossing. For instance, the 1968 Vienna Convention states that:
  • "one or two blinking red light indicates a car should stop; if they are yellow the car can pass with caution".
  • Article 27 suggests stop lines at level crossings.
  • Article 33, 34, 35 and 36 are specific to level crossings, because level crossings are recognized as dangerous.
  • Article 35 indicates a cross should exist when there is no barrier or lights.
This has been implemented in many countries, including countries which are not part of the Vienna Convention.

Safety

Trains have a much larger mass relative to their braking capability, and thus a far longer braking distance than road vehicles. With rare exceptions, trains do not stop at level crossings but rely on road vehicles and pedestrians to clear the tracks in advance. There have been several accidents in which a heavy load on a slow road transporter has not cleared the line in time, such as the Hixon rail crash.
Level crossings constitute a significant safety concern internationally. On average, each year around 400 people in the European Union and over 300 in the United States are killed in level crossing accidents. Collisions can occur with vehicles as well as pedestrians; pedestrian collisions are more likely to result in a fatality. Among pedestrians, young people, older people, and males are considered to be higher risk users. On some commuter lines most trains may slow to stop at a station, but express or freight trains will pass through stations at high speed without slowing.
As far as warning systems for road users are concerned, level crossings either have "passive" protection, in the form of various types of warning signs, or "active" protection, using automatic warning devices such as flashing lights, warning sounds, and barriers or gates. In the 19th century and for much of the 20th, a sign warning "Stop, look, and listen" was the sole protection at most level crossings. Fewer collisions take place at level crossings with active warning systems, and active protection is widely available. Modern radar sensor systems can detect if level crossings are free of obstructions as trains approach. These improve safety by not lowering crossing barriers that may trap vehicles or pedestrians on the tracks, while signalling trains to brake until the obstruction clears. However, they cannot prevent a vehicle from moving out onto the track once it is far too late for the locomotive to slow even slightly.
Due to the increase in road and rail traffic as well as for safety reasons, level crossings are increasingly being removed. As an example, Melbourne is, planning to close 110 level crossings by 2030 and rebuild 51 stations.
At railway stations, a pedestrian level crossing is sometimes provided to allow passengers to reach other platforms in the absence of an underpass or bridge, or for disabled access. Where third rail systems have level crossings, there is a gap in the third rail over the level crossing, but this does not necessarily interrupt the power supply to trains since they may have current collectors on multiple cars.
Source: US Department of Transportation.
Source: Eurostat: The rail accident data are provided to Eurostat by the European Railway Agency. The ERA manages and is responsible for the entire data collection. The Eurostat data constitute a part of the data collected by ERA and are part of the so-called Common Safety Indicators.
Note: Since 2010, use of national definitions is no longer permitted: 2010 CSI data represent the first fully harmonized set of figures.
  • Source: Eurostat: Annual number of victims by type of accident Last update: 9 February 2017
  • Source, Federal Railroad Administration

    Traffic signal preemption

-controlled intersections next to level crossings on at least one of the roads in the intersection usually feature traffic signal preemption. In the US, approaching trains activate a routine where, before the road lights and barriers are activated, all traffic signal phases go to red, except for the signal immediately after the crossing, which turns green to allow traffic on the tracks to clear. After enough time to clear the crossing, the signal will turn. The crossing lights may begin flashing and the barriers lower immediately, or this might be delayed until after the traffic light turns red.
The operation of a traffic signal, while a train is present, may differ from municipality to municipality. There are a number of possible arrangements:
  1. All directions will flash red, turning the intersection into an all-way stop.
  2. While the train is passing, the traffic parallel to the railroad track will have a flashing yellow, while the other directions face a flashing red light.
  3. While the train is passing, the traffic parallel to the railroad track will have a green light, while the other directions face a red light.
  4. Traffic lights can operate relatively normally, with only the blocked direction turning red while the train is passing.

    Crossing cameras

In France, cameras have been installed on some level crossings to obtain images to improve understanding of an incident when a technical investigation occurs.
In England, cameras have been installed at some level crossings.
In South Australia, cameras have been installed at some level crossings to deter non-compliance with signals.

By country

Designs of level crossings vary between countries.

Major accidents

Level crossings present a significant risk of collisions between trains and road vehicles. This list is not a definitive list of the world's worst accidents and the events listed are limited to those where a separate article describes the event in question.
AccidentDeathsCountryYearRef.
Langenweddingen level crossing disaster94East Germany1967
Amritsar train disaster58India2018
Nagpur level crossing disaster55India2005
Manfalut train accident51Egypt2012
Marhanets train and bus collision45Ukraine2010
Villa Soldati level crossing tragedy42Argentina1962
Polgahawela level crossing accident35Sri Lanka2005
Dorion level crossing accident19Canada1966
Chipman-Lamont school bus-train collision17Canada1960
2009 Slovak coach and train collision12Slovakia2009
Flores rail crash11Argentina2011
Bourbonnais train accident11United States1999
Hixon rail crash11United Kingdom1968
Kerang rail accident11Australia2007
Glendale train crash11United States2005
Lockington rail crash9United Kingdom1986
Fox River Grove level crossing accident7United States1995
Ufton Nervet rail crash7United Kingdom2004
Ottawa bus–train crash6Canada2013
Valhalla train crash6United States2015
Gerogery level crossing accident5Australia2001
2022 Missouri train derailment4United States2022
2019 Westbury train collision3United States2019
Nosaby level crossing disaster2Sweden2004