Five-paragraph essay


The five-paragraph essay is a common essay format that comprises an introductory with a thesis, three body paragraphs that develop supporting points, and a conclusion. The format is widely taught in U.S. secondary education and is sometimes referred to as a "hamburger essay" in K–12 contexts that use a layered graphic organizer for paragraphs and essays.
Scholars have linked the form to earlier traditions of theme‑writing in current‑traditional rhetoric, and debate continues to this day over its educational value.

Form

The five-paragraph essay is a structured form of essay writing that consists of five distinct paragraphs:

Structure

The introductory paragraph serves to present the main idea of the essay and introduce the thesis statement. It often begins with a narrative hook to capture the reader's interest, followed by a sentence that provides a general theme and another that narrows the focus. If the essay is based on a literary text, a sentence referencing the work and its author may be included. The introduction typically concludes with the thesis statement, which outlines the central argument of the essay. Additionally, an organizational sentence may be included to indicate the structure and sequence of the body paragraphs.
The three body paragraphs each present supporting evidence or arguments that reinforce the thesis statement. Each paragraph generally begins with a topic sentence, followed by analysis and examples that substantiate the argument.
The concluding paragraph summarizes the main points of the essay and restates the thesis in a broader context. It often provides a final perspective on the topic and reinforces the significance of the argument. For example, in an essay on sports, a conclusion might state: ''"Sports offer numerous benefits for youth, including improved physical health, better circulation, and enhanced stamina. Additionally, they contribute to the development of social and organizational skills, which are valuable in both personal and professional life."''

History

Composition scholars trace the modern five‑paragraph essay to nineteenth‑ and twentieth‑century “theme‑writing” associated with current‑traditional rhetoric. This lineage emphasized fixed forms and correctness over invention and situation‑specific choices.

Pedagogical debate

According to Thomas E. Nunnally and Kimberly Wesley, most teachers and professors consider the five-paragraph form ultimately restricting for fully developing an idea. Wesley argues that the form is never appropriate. Nunnally states that the form can be good for developing analytical skills that should then be expanded. Similarly, American educator David F. Labaree claims that "The Rule of Five" is "dysfunctional... off-putting, infantilising and intellectually arid" because demands for the essay's form often obscure its meaning and, therefore, largely automatize creating and reading five-paragraph essays. The five-paragraph essay format has been criticized for its rigid structure, which some educators believe stifles creativity and critical thinking. Critics argue that it promotes a formulaic approach to writing, which can limit students' ability to express more complex ideas and develop their unique writing style.