Asteroid family

An asteroid family is a population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements, such as semi-major axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination. The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions. An asteroid family is a more specific term than asteroid group, whose members, while sharing some broad orbital characteristics, may be otherwise unrelated to each other.
Image:Asteroid proper elements i vs e.png|thumb|300px|Plot of proper inclination vs. eccentricity for numbered asteroids
Large prominent families contain several hundred recognized asteroids. Small, compact families may have only about ten identified members. About 33% to 35% of asteroids in the main belt are family members. There are about 20 to 30 reliably recognized families, with several tens of less certain groupings. Most asteroid families are found in the main asteroid belt, although several family-like groups such as the Pallas family, Hungaria family, and the Phocaea family lie at smaller semi-major axis or larger inclination than the main belt.
One family has been identified associated with the dwarf planet. Some studies have tried to find evidence of collisional families among the trojan asteroids, but at present the evidence is inconclusive.

History

The Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama pioneered the estimation of proper elements for asteroids, and first identified several of the most prominent families in 1918. Kiyotsugu Hirayama initially identified the Koronis, Eos, and Themis families, and later recognized also the Flora and Maria families. In his honor, asteroid families are sometimes called Hirayama families. This particularly applies to the five prominent groupings discovered by him.

Origin and evolution

The families are thought to form as a result of collisions between asteroids. In many or most cases the parent body was shattered, but there are also several families which resulted from a large cratering event which did not disrupt the parent body. Such cratering families typically consist of a single large body and a swarm of asteroids that are much smaller. Some families have complex internal structures which are not satisfactorily explained at the moment, but may be due to several collisions in the same region at different times.
Due to the method of origin, all the members have closely matching compositions for most families. Notable exceptions are those families which formed from a large differentiated parent body.
Asteroid families are thought to have lifetimes of the order of a billion years, depending on various factors. This is significantly shorter than the Solar System's age, so few if any are relics of the early Solar System. Decay of families occurs both because of slow dissipation of the orbits due to perturbations from Jupiter or other large bodies, and because of collisions between asteroids which grind them down to small bodies. Such small asteroids then become subject to perturbations such as the Yarkovsky effect that can push them towards orbital resonances with Jupiter over time. Once there, they are relatively rapidly ejected from the asteroid belt. Tentative age estimates have been obtained for some families, ranging from hundreds of millions of years to less than several million years as for the compact Karin family. Old families are thought to contain few small members, and this is the basis of the age determinations.
It is supposed that many very old families have lost all the smaller and medium-sized members, leaving only a few of the largest intact. A suggested example of such old family remains are the 9 Metis and 113 Amalthea asteroid pair. Further evidence for a large number of past families comes from analysis of chemical ratios in iron meteorites. These show that there must have once been at least 50 to 100 parent bodies large enough to be differentiated, that have since been shattered to expose their cores and produce the actual meteorites.

Identification

Strictly speaking, families and their membership are identified by analysing the proper orbital elements rather than the current osculating orbital elements, which regularly fluctuate on timescales of tens of thousands of years. The proper elements are related constants of motion that remain almost constant for at least tens of millions of years, and perhaps longer.

Membership

When the orbital elements of main belt asteroids are plotted, a number of distinct concentrations are seen against the rather uniform distribution of non-family background asteroids. These concentrations are the asteroid families. Interlopers are asteroids classified as family members based on their so-called proper orbital elements but having spectroscopic properties distinct from the bulk of the family, suggesting that they, contrary to the true family members, did not originate from the same parent body that once fragmented upon a collisional impact.

Family types

As previously mentioned, families caused by an impact that did not disrupt the parent body but only ejected fragments are called cratering families. Other terminology has been used to distinguish various types of groups which are less distinct or less statistically certain from the most prominent "nominal families".
The term cluster is also used to describe a small asteroid family, such as the Karin cluster. Clumps are groupings which have relatively few members but are clearly distinct from the background. Clans are groupings which merge very gradually into the background density and/or have a complex internal structure making it difficult to decide whether they are one complex group or several unrelated overlapping groups. Tribes are groups that are less certain to be statistically significant against the background either because of small density or large uncertainty in the orbital parameters of the members.

Hierarchical clustering method

Present day computer-assisted searches have identified more than a hundred asteroid families. The most prominent algorithms have been the hierarchical clustering method, which looks for groupings with small nearest-neighbour distances in orbital element space, and wavelet analysis, which builds a density-of-asteroids map in orbital element space, and looks for density peaks.
The boundaries of the families are somewhat vague because at the edges they blend into the background density of asteroids in the main belt. For this reason the number of members even among discovered asteroids is usually only known approximately, and membership is uncertain for asteroids near the edges.
Additionally, some interlopers from the heterogeneous background asteroid population are expected even in the central regions of a family. Since the true family members caused by the collision are expected to have similar compositions, most such interlopers can in principle be recognised by spectral properties which do not match those of the bulk of family members. A prominent example is 1 Ceres, the largest asteroid, which is an interloper in the family once named after it.
Spectral characteristics can also be used to determine the membership of asteroids in the outer regions of a family, as has been used e.g. for the Vesta family, whose members have an unusual composition.

List

Prominent families

Among the many asteroid families, the following families are the most prominent ones in the asteroid belt. For the complete list, see below.

The Eos family
The Eunomia family is a family of S-type asteroids. It is the most prominent family in the intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th-largest family with approximately 1.4% of all main belt asteroids.
The Flora family is the 3rd-largest family. Broad in extent, it has no clear boundary and gradually fades into the surrounding background population. Several distinct groupings within the family, possibly created by later, secondary collisions. It has also been described as an asteroid clan.
The Hungaria family
The Hygiea family
The [|Koronis family]
The Nysa family. Alternatively named Hertha family after 135 Hertha.
The Themis family
The Vesta family
All families

In 2015, a study identified 122 notable families with a total of approximately 100,000 member asteroids, based on the entire catalog of numbered minor planets, which consisted of almost 400,000 numbered bodies at the time '. The data has been made available at the "" website. The first column of this table contains the family identification number or family identifier number, which is an attempt for a numerical labeling of identified families, independent of their currently used name, as a family's name may change with refined observations, leading to multiple names used in literature and to subsequent confusion.
FIN Family Lbl # of Members Loc.
Taxonomy mean-
albedo mean a mean e mean i Parent bodyNotes Cat LoMP
001 Hilda family HIL 18 rim C 0.04 3.965 0.174 8.92 153 Hilda; adj. Hildian; within the larger dynamical group with the same name.
cat
002 Schubart family SHU 531 rim C 0.03 3.966 0.191 2.92 1911 Schubart cat
003 Hungaria family H 1870 close E 0.35 1.944 0.078 20.87 434 Hungaria; located within the dynamical group of the same name.
cat
004 Hektor family HEK 16 trojan – – 5.204 0.054 19.02 624 Hektor cat
005 Eurybates family ERY 197 trojan CP 0.06 5.204 0.044 7.42 3548 Eurybates cat
006 Thronium family 006 15 trojan – 0.06 5.204 0.049 31.75 9799 Thronium —
007 James Bond family 007 1 A ASP – 2.474 0.129 6.32 9007 James Bond —
008 Arkesilaos family ARK 37 trojan – – 5.204 0.029 8.89 20961 Arkesilaos cat
009 Ennomos family ENM 30 trojan – 0.06 5.204 0.041 26.79 4709 Ennomos cat
010 Shaulladany family 010 13 trojan – 0.09 5.204 0.041 24.23 247341 Shaulladany —
401 Vesta family V 10612 A V 0.35 2.362 0.099 6.36 4 Vesta cat
402 Flora family
FLO 13786 A S 0.30 2.201 0.144 5.34 8 Flora, also named after 43 Ariadne; typical asteroid clan. Not a legitimate asteroid family according to Carruba and Milani, instead, the Florian core region is labelled Belgica family and Duponta family, respectively. cat
403 Baptistina family BAP 176 A X 0.16 2.264 0.149 6.00 298 Baptistina, merges with the Belgica family at 100 m/s according to Carruba cat
404 Massalia family MAS 7820 A S 0.22 2.409 0.162 1.42 20 Massalia, adj. Massalian, a-e-i: cat
405 Nysa–Polana complex
NYS 15983 A SFC 0.28
0.06 2.423 0.174 3.04 44 Nysa/142 Polana also known as the Hertha family. Includes the Eulalia family cat
406 Erigone family ERI 1776 A CX 0.06 2.367 0.210 4.74 163 Erigone, adj. Erigonian. Can be joined with the dynamically different Martes family into a single collisional family. cat
407 Clarissa family CLA 236 A X 0.05 2.406 0.107 3.35 302 Clarissa cat
408 Sulamitis family SUL 193 A C 0.04 2.463 0.091 5.04 752 Sulamitis cat
409 Lucienne family LCI 142 A S 0.22 2.462 0.111 14.51 1892 Lucienne cat
410 Euterpe family EUT 474 A S 0.26 2.347 0.187 0.72 27 Euterpe cat
411 Datura family DAT 6 A S 0.21 2.235 0.156 5.21 1270 Datura; Recently formed family with members:,,, and cat
412 Lucascavin family LCA 3 A S – 2.281 0.127 5.20 21509 Lucascavin; members:, cat
413 Klio family KLI 330 A C 0.07 2.362 0.193 9.38 84 Klio cat
414 Chimaera family CIM 108 A CX 0.06 2.460 0.155 14.65 623 Chimaera cat
415 Chaldaea family
CHL 132 A C 0.07 2.376 0.236 11.60 313 Chaldaea; alt. named after 1715 Salli by Masiero cat
416 Svea family SVE 48 A CX 0.06 2.476 0.088 16.09 329 Svea cat
417 unnamed family 417 9 A – – 2.465 0.153 3.93 —
701 Phocaea family PHO 1248 A S 0.22 2.400 0.228 23.41 25 Phocaea cat
501 Juno family JUN 1693 B S 0.25 2.669 0.232 13.34 3 Juno cat
502 Eunomia family EUN 9856 B S 0.19 2.644 0.148 13.08 15 Eunomia cat
504 Nemesis family
NEM 1302 C C 0.05 2.750 0.088 5.18 128 Nemesis '; also named after 58 Concordia ' and 3827 Zdeněkhorský. Formerly Liberatrix family by Zappalà and Cellino cat
505 Adeona family ADE 2070 B C 0.07 2.673 0.169 11.71 145 Adeona cat
506 Maria family
MAR 2958 B S 0.25 2.554 0.101 15.02 170 Maria; alternatively named after 472 Roma. cat
507 Padua family
PAD 1087 C X 0.10 2.747 0.035 5.09 363 Padua; also known as Lydia family110 Lydiaadj. Paduan; Lydian cat
508 Aeolia family AEO 529 C X 0.17 2.742 0.168 3.49 396 Aeolia cat
509 Chloris family CLO 120 C C 0.06 2.727 0.255 9.23 410 Chloris, adj. Chloridian cat
510 Misa family MIS 647 B C 0.03 2.658 0.178 2.26 569 Misa, adj. Misian cat
511 Brangäne family BRG 325 B S 0.10 2.587 0.179 9.64 606 Brangäne cat
512 Dora family DOR 1742 C C 0.05 2.797 0.198 7.83 668 Dora, adj. Dorian cat
513 Merxia family MRX 1263 C S 0.23 2.745 0.133 4.85 808 Merxia, adj. Merxian cat
514 Agnia family AGN 3336 C S 0.18 2.783 0.066 3.58 847 Agnia cat
515 Astrid family AST 548 C C 0.08 2.788 0.048 0.66 1128 Astrid, adj. Astridian cat
516 Gefion family
GEF 2428 C S 0.20 2.784 0.129 9.01 1272 Gefion, adj. Gefionian; a-e-i: ; also known as Ceres family ' after 1 Ceres; and Minerva family after 93 Minerva cat
517 König family KON 578 B CX 0.04 2.571 0.139 8.85 3815 König cat
518 Rafita family RAF 775 B S 0.25 2.547 0.173 7.74 1644 Rafita, adj. Rafitian ; members and cat
519 Hoffmeister family HOF 2095 C CF 0.04 2.787 0.047 4.36 1726 Hoffmeister cat
520 Iannini family IAN 150 B S 0.32 2.644 0.267 12.19 4652 Iannini cat
521 Kazuya family KAZ 44 B S 0.21 2.568 0.141 14.56 7353 Kazuya cat
522 Ino family INO 463 C S 0.24 2.743 0.172 13.52 173 Ino cat
523 Emilkowalski family EMI 4 B S 0.20 2.599 0.178 17.42 14627 Emilkowalski; members:, and cat
524 Brugmansia family 524 3 B S – 2.620 0.179 2.80 16598 Brugmansia; members: and cat
525 Schulhof family SHF 5 B S 0.27 2.610 0.163 13.30 2384 Schulhof; members:,,, cat
526 unnamed family 526 81 C C 0.06 2.721 0.173 14.35 —
527 Lorre family LOR 2 C C 0.05 2.747 0.263 28.18 5438 Lorre; other member: cat
528 Leonidas family [|LEO] 111 B CX 0.07 2.681 0.193 3.81 2782 Leonidas; identical to the Vibilia family: ; cat
529 Vibilia family VIB 180 B C 0.06 2.655 0.191 3.82 144 Vibilia; namesake only listed in family by Zappalà, but not by Nesvorý; identical to the Leonidas family: LEO. cat
530 Phaeo family PAE 146 C X 0.06 2.782 0.199 9.47 322 Phaeo cat
531 Mitidika family MIT 653 B C 0.06 2.587 0.247 12.50 2262 Mitidika ; members: and cat
532 Henan family HEN 1872 B L 0.20 2.699 0.063 2.80 2085 Henan cat
533 Hanna family HNA 280 C CX 0.05 2.807 0.180 4.17 1668 Hanna cat
534 Karma family KRM 59 B CX 0.05 2.577 0.106 10.75 3811 Karma cat
535 Witt family WIT 1618 C S 0.26 2.760 0.030 5.79 2732 Witt, alternatively named after 10955 Harig cat
536 Xizang family XIZ 275 C – 0.12 2.754 0.154 2.76 2344 Xizang cat
537 Watsonia family WAT 83 C L 0.13 2.760 0.122 17.33 729 Watsonia cat
538 Jones family JNS 22 B T 0.05 2.626 0.110 12.35 3152 Jones cat
539 Aëria family AER 272 B X 0.17 2.649 0.056 11.76 369 Aeria cat
540 Julia family JUL 33 B S 0.19 2.552 0.124 16.70 89 Julia cat
541 Postrema family POS 108 C CX 0.05 2.738 0.242 16.53 1484 Postrema cat
801 Pallas family PAL 45 C B 0.16 2.771 0.281 33.20 2 Pallas cat
802 Gallia family GAL 137 C S 0.17 2.771 0.132 25.16 148 Gallia cat
803 Hansa family HNS 1162 B S 0.26 2.644 0.004 22.06 480 Hansa adj. Hansian; a-e-i: cat
804 Gersuind family GER 415 B S 0.15 2.589 0.175 17.34 686 Gersuind cat
805 Barcelona family BAR 346 B S 0.25 2.637 0.251 30.83 945 Barcelona cat
806 Tina family TIN 107 C X 0.34 2.793 0.082 20.76 1222 Tina cat
807 Brucato family BRU 41 B CX 0.06 2.605 0.132 28.90 4203 Brucato cat
601 Hygiea family HYG 3145 G CB 0.06 3.142 0.136 5.07 10 Hygiea cat
602 Themis family THM 5612 G C 0.07 3.134 0.152 1.08 24 Themis cat
603 Sylvia family SYL 191 rim X 0.05 3.485 0.054 9.76 87 Sylvia; family within Cybele group cat
604 Meliboea family MEL 444 G C 0.05 3.119 0.186 14.54 137 Meliboea, adj. Meliboean cat
605 Koronis family
KOR 7390 D S 0.15 2.869 0.045 2.15 158 Koronis, also named after 208 Lacrimosa cat
606 Eos family EOS 16038 E K 0.13 3.012 0.077 9.94 221 Eos cat
607 Emma family EMA 577 F C 0.05 3.046 0.113 9.09 283 Emma cat
608 Brasilia family BRA 845 D X 0.18 2.862 0.127 14.98 293 Brasilia, adj. Brazilian cat
609 Veritas family VER 2139 G CPD 0.07 3.174 0.066 9.06 490 Veritas, adj. Veritasian; alt: Undina family after 92 Undina cat
610 Karin family KAR 541 D S 0.21 2.864 0.044 2.10 832 Karin. Recently formed family located within the Koronis family. cat
611 Naëma family NAE 375 D C 0.08 2.940 0.036 11.99 845 Naëma, adj. Naëmian cat
612 Tirela family
TIR 1815 G S 0.07 3.116 0.195 17.06 1400 Tirela, alternatively named after 1040 Klumpkea cat
613 Lixiaohua family
LIX 1241 G CX 0.04 3.153 0.201 10.06 3556 Lixiaohua; although member 3330 Gantrisch is both larger and lower numbered ] cat
614 Telramund family
TEL 513 E S 0.22 2.993 0.066 8.81 9506 Telramund; alternatively named after 179 Klytaemnestra by Masiero and by Milani cat
615 unnamed family 615 159 D CX 0.17 2.848 0.106 9.14 —
616 Charis family CHA 808 D C 0.08 2.900 0.047 5.73 627 Charis cat
617 Theobalda family THB 574 G CX 0.06 3.178 0.263 14.05 778 Theobalda, adj. Theobaldian; a-e-i: cat
618 Terentia family TRE 80 D C 0.07 2.932 0.072 11.11 1189 Terentia cat
619 Lau family LAU 56 D S 0.27 2.929 0.195 6.30 10811 Lau cat
620 Beagle family BGL 148 G C 0.09 3.155 0.154 1.34 656 Beagle. Recently formed family is located within the Themis family. Includes 7968 Elst–Pizarro. cat
621 Koronis family K-2 246 D S 0.14 2.869 0.045 2.15 158 Koronis "second family" cat
622 Terpsichore family TRP 138 D C 0.05 2.854 0.182 8.23 81 Terpsichore cat
623 Fringilla family FIR 134 D X 0.05 2.914 0.093 16.68 709 Fringilla cat
624 Durisen family DUR 27 D X 0.04 2.943 0.185 16.19 5567 Durisen cat
625 Yakovlev family YAK 67 D C 0.05 2.870 0.290 7.89 5614 Yakovlev cat
626 San Marcello family SAN 144 D X 0.19 2.922 0.078 12.50 7481 San Marcello cat
627 unnamed family 627 38 D CX 0.05 2.868 0.219 16.02 —
628 unnamed family 628 248 D S 0.10 2.850 0.081 5.12 —
629 unnamed family 629 58 D A 0.21 2.939 0.118 10.73 —
630 Aegle family AEG 120 F CX 0.07 3.052 0.190 16.48 96 Aegle cat
631 Ursula family URS 731 G CX 0.06 3.128 0.098 16.21 375 Ursula cat
632 Elfriede family ELF 97 G C 0.05 3.189 0.061 15.87 618 Elfriede cat
633 Itha family ITH 54 D S 0.23 2.866 0.158 12.27 918 Itha cat
634 Inarradas family INA 43 F CX 0.07 3.050 0.184 14.51 3438 Inarradas cat
635 Anfimov family ANF 49 F S 0.16 3.044 0.089 3.48 7468 Anfimov cat
636 Marconia family MRC 34 F CX 0.05 3.063 0.097 2.58 1332 Marconia cat
637 unnamed family 637 64 G CX 0.05 3.109 0.180 3.46 —
638 Croatia family CRO 93 G X 0.07 3.133 0.026 10.66 589 Croatia cat
639 Imhilde family IMH 43 E CX 0.05 2.983 0.237 14.59 926 Imhilde cat
640 Gibbs family GBS 8 E – – 3.004 0.023 10.34 331P/Gibbs "P/2012 F5 ". Other members include,, and — —
641 Juliana family JLI 76 E CX 0.05 3.004 0.144 13.12 816 Juliana cat
901 Euphrosyne family EUP 1385 G C 0.06 3.155 0.208 26.54 31 Euphrosyne cat
902 Alauda family ALA 1294 G B 0.07 3.194 0.021 21.66 702 Alauda cat
903 Ulla family ULA 37 rim X 0.05 3.543 0.050 17.96 909 Ulla; family within Cybele group cat
904 Luthera family
LUT 232 G X 0.04 3.219 0.121 18.77 1303 Luthera; fam. is also named after 781 Kartvelia cat
905 Armenia family ARM 67 G C 0.05 3.117 0.070 18.19 780 Armenia cat

FIN	Family	Lbl	# of Members	Loc.	Taxonomy	mean- albedo	mean a	mean e	mean i	Parent bodyNotes	Cat	LoMP
001	Hilda family	HIL	18	rim	C	0.04	3.965	0.174	8.92	153 Hilda; adj. Hildian; within the larger dynamical group with the same name.	cat
002	Schubart family	SHU	531	rim	C	0.03	3.966	0.191	2.92	1911 Schubart	cat
003	Hungaria family	H	1870	close	E	0.35	1.944	0.078	20.87	434 Hungaria; located within the dynamical group of the same name.	cat
004	Hektor family	HEK	16	trojan	–	–	5.204	0.054	19.02	624 Hektor	cat
005	Eurybates family	ERY	197	trojan	CP	0.06	5.204	0.044	7.42	3548 Eurybates	cat
006	Thronium family	006	15	trojan	–	0.06	5.204	0.049	31.75	9799 Thronium	—
007	James Bond family	007	1	A	ASP	–	2.474	0.129	6.32	9007 James Bond	—
008	Arkesilaos family	ARK	37	trojan	–	–	5.204	0.029	8.89	20961 Arkesilaos	cat
009	Ennomos family	ENM	30	trojan	–	0.06	5.204	0.041	26.79	4709 Ennomos	cat
010	Shaulladany family	010	13	trojan	–	0.09	5.204	0.041	24.23	247341 Shaulladany	—
401	Vesta family	V	10612	A	V	0.35	2.362	0.099	6.36	4 Vesta	cat
402	Flora family	FLO	13786	A	S	0.30	2.201	0.144	5.34	8 Flora, also named after 43 Ariadne; typical asteroid clan. Not a legitimate asteroid family according to Carruba and Milani, instead, the Florian core region is labelled Belgica family and Duponta family, respectively.	cat
403	Baptistina family	BAP	176	A	X	0.16	2.264	0.149	6.00	298 Baptistina, merges with the Belgica family at 100 m/s according to Carruba	cat
404	Massalia family	MAS	7820	A	S	0.22	2.409	0.162	1.42	20 Massalia, adj. Massalian, a-e-i:	cat
405	Nysa–Polana complex	NYS	15983	A	SFC	0.28 0.06	2.423	0.174	3.04	44 Nysa/142 Polana also known as the Hertha family. Includes the Eulalia family	cat
406	Erigone family	ERI	1776	A	CX	0.06	2.367	0.210	4.74	163 Erigone, adj. Erigonian. Can be joined with the dynamically different Martes family into a single collisional family.	cat
407	Clarissa family	CLA	236	A	X	0.05	2.406	0.107	3.35	302 Clarissa	cat
408	Sulamitis family	SUL	193	A	C	0.04	2.463	0.091	5.04	752 Sulamitis	cat
409	Lucienne family	LCI	142	A	S	0.22	2.462	0.111	14.51	1892 Lucienne	cat
410	Euterpe family	EUT	474	A	S	0.26	2.347	0.187	0.72	27 Euterpe	cat
411	Datura family	DAT	6	A	S	0.21	2.235	0.156	5.21	1270 Datura; Recently formed family with members:,,, and	cat
412	Lucascavin family	LCA	3	A	S	–	2.281	0.127	5.20	21509 Lucascavin; members:,	cat
413	Klio family	KLI	330	A	C	0.07	2.362	0.193	9.38	84 Klio	cat
414	Chimaera family	CIM	108	A	CX	0.06	2.460	0.155	14.65	623 Chimaera	cat
415	Chaldaea family	CHL	132	A	C	0.07	2.376	0.236	11.60	313 Chaldaea; alt. named after 1715 Salli by Masiero	cat
416	Svea family	SVE	48	A	CX	0.06	2.476	0.088	16.09	329 Svea	cat
417	unnamed family	417	9	A	–	–	2.465	0.153	3.93		—
701	Phocaea family	PHO	1248	A	S	0.22	2.400	0.228	23.41	25 Phocaea	cat
501	Juno family	JUN	1693	B	S	0.25	2.669	0.232	13.34	3 Juno	cat
502	Eunomia family	EUN	9856	B	S	0.19	2.644	0.148	13.08	15 Eunomia	cat
504	Nemesis family	NEM	1302	C	C	0.05	2.750	0.088	5.18	128 Nemesis '; also named after 58 Concordia ' and 3827 Zdeněkhorský. Formerly Liberatrix family by Zappalà and Cellino	cat
505	Adeona family	ADE	2070	B	C	0.07	2.673	0.169	11.71	145 Adeona	cat
506	Maria family	MAR	2958	B	S	0.25	2.554	0.101	15.02	170 Maria; alternatively named after 472 Roma.	cat
507	Padua family	PAD	1087	C	X	0.10	2.747	0.035	5.09	363 Padua; also known as Lydia family110 Lydiaadj. Paduan; Lydian	cat
508	Aeolia family	AEO	529	C	X	0.17	2.742	0.168	3.49	396 Aeolia	cat
509	Chloris family	CLO	120	C	C	0.06	2.727	0.255	9.23	410 Chloris, adj. Chloridian	cat
510	Misa family	MIS	647	B	C	0.03	2.658	0.178	2.26	569 Misa, adj. Misian	cat
511	Brangäne family	BRG	325	B	S	0.10	2.587	0.179	9.64	606 Brangäne	cat
512	Dora family	DOR	1742	C	C	0.05	2.797	0.198	7.83	668 Dora, adj. Dorian	cat
513	Merxia family	MRX	1263	C	S	0.23	2.745	0.133	4.85	808 Merxia, adj. Merxian	cat
514	Agnia family	AGN	3336	C	S	0.18	2.783	0.066	3.58	847 Agnia	cat
515	Astrid family	AST	548	C	C	0.08	2.788	0.048	0.66	1128 Astrid, adj. Astridian	cat
516	Gefion family	GEF	2428	C	S	0.20	2.784	0.129	9.01	1272 Gefion, adj. Gefionian; a-e-i: ; also known as Ceres family ' after 1 Ceres; and Minerva family after 93 Minerva	cat
517	König family	KON	578	B	CX	0.04	2.571	0.139	8.85	3815 König	cat
518	Rafita family	RAF	775	B	S	0.25	2.547	0.173	7.74	1644 Rafita, adj. Rafitian ; members and	cat
519	Hoffmeister family	HOF	2095	C	CF	0.04	2.787	0.047	4.36	1726 Hoffmeister	cat
520	Iannini family	IAN	150	B	S	0.32	2.644	0.267	12.19	4652 Iannini	cat
521	Kazuya family	KAZ	44	B	S	0.21	2.568	0.141	14.56	7353 Kazuya	cat
522	Ino family	INO	463	C	S	0.24	2.743	0.172	13.52	173 Ino	cat
523	Emilkowalski family	EMI	4	B	S	0.20	2.599	0.178	17.42	14627 Emilkowalski; members:, and	cat
524	Brugmansia family	524	3	B	S	–	2.620	0.179	2.80	16598 Brugmansia; members: and	cat
525	Schulhof family	SHF	5	B	S	0.27	2.610	0.163	13.30	2384 Schulhof; members:,,,	cat
526	unnamed family	526	81	C	C	0.06	2.721	0.173	14.35		—
527	Lorre family	LOR	2	C	C	0.05	2.747	0.263	28.18	5438 Lorre; other member:	cat
528	Leonidas family	[\|LEO]	111	B	CX	0.07	2.681	0.193	3.81	2782 Leonidas; identical to the Vibilia family: ;	cat
529	Vibilia family	VIB	180	B	C	0.06	2.655	0.191	3.82	144 Vibilia; namesake only listed in family by Zappalà, but not by Nesvorý; identical to the Leonidas family: LEO.	cat
530	Phaeo family	PAE	146	C	X	0.06	2.782	0.199	9.47	322 Phaeo	cat
531	Mitidika family	MIT	653	B	C	0.06	2.587	0.247	12.50	2262 Mitidika ; members: and	cat
532	Henan family	HEN	1872	B	L	0.20	2.699	0.063	2.80	2085 Henan	cat
533	Hanna family	HNA	280	C	CX	0.05	2.807	0.180	4.17	1668 Hanna	cat
534	Karma family	KRM	59	B	CX	0.05	2.577	0.106	10.75	3811 Karma	cat
535	Witt family	WIT	1618	C	S	0.26	2.760	0.030	5.79	2732 Witt, alternatively named after 10955 Harig	cat
536	Xizang family	XIZ	275	C	–	0.12	2.754	0.154	2.76	2344 Xizang	cat
537	Watsonia family	WAT	83	C	L	0.13	2.760	0.122	17.33	729 Watsonia	cat
538	Jones family	JNS	22	B	T	0.05	2.626	0.110	12.35	3152 Jones	cat
539	Aëria family	AER	272	B	X	0.17	2.649	0.056	11.76	369 Aeria	cat
540	Julia family	JUL	33	B	S	0.19	2.552	0.124	16.70	89 Julia	cat
541	Postrema family	POS	108	C	CX	0.05	2.738	0.242	16.53	1484 Postrema	cat
801	Pallas family	PAL	45	C	B	0.16	2.771	0.281	33.20	2 Pallas	cat
802	Gallia family	GAL	137	C	S	0.17	2.771	0.132	25.16	148 Gallia	cat
803	Hansa family	HNS	1162	B	S	0.26	2.644	0.004	22.06	480 Hansa adj. Hansian; a-e-i:	cat
804	Gersuind family	GER	415	B	S	0.15	2.589	0.175	17.34	686 Gersuind	cat
805	Barcelona family	BAR	346	B	S	0.25	2.637	0.251	30.83	945 Barcelona	cat
806	Tina family	TIN	107	C	X	0.34	2.793	0.082	20.76	1222 Tina	cat
807	Brucato family	BRU	41	B	CX	0.06	2.605	0.132	28.90	4203 Brucato	cat
601	Hygiea family	HYG	3145	G	CB	0.06	3.142	0.136	5.07	10 Hygiea	cat
602	Themis family	THM	5612	G	C	0.07	3.134	0.152	1.08	24 Themis	cat
603	Sylvia family	SYL	191	rim	X	0.05	3.485	0.054	9.76	87 Sylvia; family within Cybele group	cat
604	Meliboea family	MEL	444	G	C	0.05	3.119	0.186	14.54	137 Meliboea, adj. Meliboean	cat
605	Koronis family	KOR	7390	D	S	0.15	2.869	0.045	2.15	158 Koronis, also named after 208 Lacrimosa	cat
606	Eos family	EOS	16038	E	K	0.13	3.012	0.077	9.94	221 Eos	cat
607	Emma family	EMA	577	F	C	0.05	3.046	0.113	9.09	283 Emma	cat
608	Brasilia family	BRA	845	D	X	0.18	2.862	0.127	14.98	293 Brasilia, adj. Brazilian	cat
609	Veritas family	VER	2139	G	CPD	0.07	3.174	0.066	9.06	490 Veritas, adj. Veritasian; alt: Undina family after 92 Undina	cat
610	Karin family	KAR	541	D	S	0.21	2.864	0.044	2.10	832 Karin. Recently formed family located within the Koronis family.	cat
611	Naëma family	NAE	375	D	C	0.08	2.940	0.036	11.99	845 Naëma, adj. Naëmian	cat
612	Tirela family	TIR	1815	G	S	0.07	3.116	0.195	17.06	1400 Tirela, alternatively named after 1040 Klumpkea	cat
613	Lixiaohua family	LIX	1241	G	CX	0.04	3.153	0.201	10.06	3556 Lixiaohua; although member 3330 Gantrisch is both larger and lower numbered ]	cat
614	Telramund family	TEL	513	E	S	0.22	2.993	0.066	8.81	9506 Telramund; alternatively named after 179 Klytaemnestra by Masiero and by Milani	cat
615	unnamed family	615	159	D	CX	0.17	2.848	0.106	9.14		—
616	Charis family	CHA	808	D	C	0.08	2.900	0.047	5.73	627 Charis	cat
617	Theobalda family	THB	574	G	CX	0.06	3.178	0.263	14.05	778 Theobalda, adj. Theobaldian; a-e-i:	cat
618	Terentia family	TRE	80	D	C	0.07	2.932	0.072	11.11	1189 Terentia	cat
619	Lau family	LAU	56	D	S	0.27	2.929	0.195	6.30	10811 Lau	cat
620	Beagle family	BGL	148	G	C	0.09	3.155	0.154	1.34	656 Beagle. Recently formed family is located within the Themis family. Includes 7968 Elst–Pizarro.	cat
621	Koronis family	K-2	246	D	S	0.14	2.869	0.045	2.15	158 Koronis "second family"	cat
622	Terpsichore family	TRP	138	D	C	0.05	2.854	0.182	8.23	81 Terpsichore	cat
623	Fringilla family	FIR	134	D	X	0.05	2.914	0.093	16.68	709 Fringilla	cat
624	Durisen family	DUR	27	D	X	0.04	2.943	0.185	16.19	5567 Durisen	cat
625	Yakovlev family	YAK	67	D	C	0.05	2.870	0.290	7.89	5614 Yakovlev	cat
626	San Marcello family	SAN	144	D	X	0.19	2.922	0.078	12.50	7481 San Marcello	cat
627	unnamed family	627	38	D	CX	0.05	2.868	0.219	16.02		—
628	unnamed family	628	248	D	S	0.10	2.850	0.081	5.12		—
629	unnamed family	629	58	D	A	0.21	2.939	0.118	10.73		—
630	Aegle family	AEG	120	F	CX	0.07	3.052	0.190	16.48	96 Aegle	cat
631	Ursula family	URS	731	G	CX	0.06	3.128	0.098	16.21	375 Ursula	cat
632	Elfriede family	ELF	97	G	C	0.05	3.189	0.061	15.87	618 Elfriede	cat
633	Itha family	ITH	54	D	S	0.23	2.866	0.158	12.27	918 Itha	cat
634	Inarradas family	INA	43	F	CX	0.07	3.050	0.184	14.51	3438 Inarradas	cat
635	Anfimov family	ANF	49	F	S	0.16	3.044	0.089	3.48	7468 Anfimov	cat
636	Marconia family	MRC	34	F	CX	0.05	3.063	0.097	2.58	1332 Marconia	cat
637	unnamed family	637	64	G	CX	0.05	3.109	0.180	3.46		—
638	Croatia family	CRO	93	G	X	0.07	3.133	0.026	10.66	589 Croatia	cat
639	Imhilde family	IMH	43	E	CX	0.05	2.983	0.237	14.59	926 Imhilde	cat
640	Gibbs family	GBS	8	E	–	–	3.004	0.023	10.34	331P/Gibbs "P/2012 F5 ". Other members include,, and	—	—
641	Juliana family	JLI	76	E	CX	0.05	3.004	0.144	13.12	816 Juliana	cat
901	Euphrosyne family	EUP	1385	G	C	0.06	3.155	0.208	26.54	31 Euphrosyne	cat
902	Alauda family	ALA	1294	G	B	0.07	3.194	0.021	21.66	702 Alauda	cat
903	Ulla family	ULA	37	rim	X	0.05	3.543	0.050	17.96	909 Ulla; family within Cybele group	cat
904	Luthera family	LUT	232	G	X	0.04	3.219	0.121	18.77	1303 Luthera; fam. is also named after 781 Kartvelia	cat
905	Armenia family	ARM	67	G	C	0.05	3.117	0.070	18.19	780 Armenia	cat