Elder abuse


Elder abuse is the mistreatment, neglect, exploitation, or manipulation of old people. This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Hourglass in the UK. Laws protecting the elderly from abuse are similar to and related to laws protecting dependent adults from abuse.
Elder abuse includes harms by people an older person knows or has a relationship with, such as a spouse, partner, or family member, a friend or neighbor, or people an older person relies on for services. Many forms of elder abuse are recognized as types of domestic violence or family violence since they are committed by family members. Paid caregivers have also been known to prey on elderly patients.
While a variety of circumstances are considered elder abuse, it does not include general criminal activities against older persons, such as home break-ins, robbery or muggings in the street, or "distraction burglary," where a stranger distracts an older person at the doorstep while another person enters the property to steal.
Over the years, government agencies and community professional groups worldwide have specified elder abuse as a social problem. In 2002, WHO brought international attention to the issue of elder abuse. In 2006, the International Network for Prevention of Elder Abuse designated June 15 as World Elder Abuse Awareness Day. An increasing number of events are held across the globe on this day to raise awareness of elder abuse and highlight ways to challenge it.

Types

In essence, elder abuse involves the use of power and control to harm the well-being and status of an older person. Although there are common themes of elder abuse across nations, elder abuse differs within nations according to the history, culture, and economic strength of older people, as well as the way older people are perceived.
Several types of elder abuse are generally recognized, including:
  • Physical abuse: e.g. hitting, punching, slapping, burning, pushing, kicking, restraining, falsely imprisoning or confining, or giving excessive or improper medication, or withholding treatment or medication.
  • Psychological, emotional abuse: e.g. humiliating a person. A perpetrator may identify something that matters to an older person and then use that knowledge to coerce an older person into a particular action. The abuse may take verbal forms such as yelling, blaming, accusing, name-calling, ridiculing, or constantly criticizing, or may take nonverbal forms such as ignoring, shunning, treating with silence, or withdrawing affection.
  • Financial abuse: also known as financial exploitation or economic abuse, involving misappropriation of financial resources by family members, caregivers, or strangers, or the use of financial means to control the person or facilitate other types of abuse. Also, failure to pay financial support to impoverished elders in jurisdictions which have filial responsibility laws, such as France, Germany, and most of the United States.
  • Sexual abuse: e.g. forcing a person to take part in any sexual activity without consent, including forcing them to participate in conversations of a sexual nature against their will; which may also include situations where the person is no longer able to give consent.
  • Neglect: e.g. depriving a person of proper medical treatment, food, heat, clothing, comfort, or essential medication, or depriving a person of needed services, to force certain kinds of actions, financial and otherwise. Neglect can include leaving unattended an elder person who is at risk. The deprivation may be intentional or happen out of lack of knowledge or resources.
In addition, some U.S. state laws also recognize the following as elder abuse:
  • Abandonment: deserting a dependent person with the intent to abandon them or leave them unattended long enough to endanger their health or welfare.
  • Rights abuse: denying the civil and constitutional rights of a person who is old but not declared by a court to be mentally incompetent. This is an aspect of elder abuse increasingly being recognized by nations.
  • Self-neglect: neglecting oneself by not caring about one's own health, well-being or safety. Self-neglect is treated as conceptually different than abuse. Elder self-neglect can lead to illness, injury, or even death. Common needs that older adults may deny themselves or ignore include the following: sustenance ; cleanliness ; adequate clothing for climate protection; proper shelter; adequate safety; clean and healthy surroundings; medical attention for serious illness; and essential medications. Self-neglect is often created by an individual's declining mental awareness or capability. Some older adults may choose to deny themselves some health or safety benefits, which may not be self-neglect. This may simply be their personal choice. Caregivers and other responsible individuals must honor these choices if the older adult is sound of mind. In other instances, the older adult may lack the needed resources, as a result of poverty, or other social conditions. This is also not considered "self-neglect."
  • Institutional abuse refers to physical or psychological harm, as well as rights violations in settings where care and assistance is provided to dependent older adults or others, such as nursing homes. Recent studies of approximately 2,000 nursing home facility residents in the United States reported a growing abuse rate of 44% and neglect up to 95%, making elder abuse in nursing homes a growing danger. Exact statistics are rare due to elder abuse in general and specifically in nursing homes being a silent condition.

    Warning signs

The key to prevention and intervention of elder abuse is the ability to recognize the warning signs of its occurrence. Signs of elder abuse differ depending on the type of abuse the victim is suffering. Each type of abuse has distinct signs associated with it.
  • Physical abuse can be detected by visible signs on the body including bruises, scratches, scars, sprains, or broken bones. More subtle indications of physical abuse include signs of restraint such as rope marks on the wrist or broken eyeglasses.
  • Emotional abuse often accompanies other types of abuse and can usually be detected by changes in an elder person's personality or behavior. The elder may also exhibit behavior mimicking dementia, such as rocking or mumbling. Emotional abuse is the most underreported form of elder abuse. Elder abuse occurs when a person fails to treat an elder with respect, and it may include verbal abuse. The elder experiences social isolation or lack of acknowledgement. One indicator of emotional abuse is the elder adult's being unresponsive or uncommunicative. They can also be unreasonably suspicious or fearful, more isolated, and not wanting to be as social as they may have been before. Emotional abuse is underreported but can have the most damaging effects because it leads to more physical and mental health problems.
  • Financial exploitation is a more subtle form of abuse and may be more challenging to notice. Signs of financial exploitation include unpaid bills, purchases of unnecessary goods or services, significant withdrawals from accounts, and belongings or money missing from the home.
  • Sexual abuse, like physical abuse, can be detected by visible signs on the body, especially around the breasts or genital area. Other signs include inexplicable infections, bleeding, and torn underclothing.
  • Neglect can be inflicted by either a caregiver or oneself. Signs of neglect include malnutrition and dehydration, poor hygiene, noncompliance with a medical prescription, and unsafe living conditions.
In addition to observing signs in the elderly individual, one can also detect abuse by monitoring changes in the caregiver's behavior. For example, the caregiver may not allow them to speak to or receive visitors or may exhibit indifference or a lack of affection towards the elder or refer to the elder as "a burden." Caregivers who have a history of substance abuse or mental illness are more likely to commit elder abuse than other individuals.
Abuse can sometimes be subtle and therefore difficult to detect. Regardless, awareness organizations and research advise that one take any suspicion seriously and address concerns adequately and immediately.

Signs

  • Lack of medical aids such as glasses, walker, hearing aids.
  • Signs of emotional trauma.
  • Broken eyeglasses/frames, or physical signs of punishment or being restrained.
  • Signs of insufficient care or unpaid bills despite adequate financial resources.
  • Broken bones
  • Poor physical appearance
  • Changes in mental status
  • Frequent infections
  • Bruising, scratches, welts, or cuts.
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Refusal to speak
  • Signs of dehydration
  • Lack of cleanliness

    Health consequences

The health consequences of elder abuse are serious. Elder abuse can destroy an elderly person's quality of life in the forms of:
  • Declining functional abilities
  • Increased dependency, sense of helplessness, and stress.
  • Worsening psychological decline
  • Premature mortality and morbidity
  • Depression and dementia
  • Malnutrition
  • Bedsores
  • Death
The risk of death for elder abuse victims is three times higher than for non-victims.

Perpetrators

An abuser can be a caregiver, spouse, partner, relative, friend, neighbor, volunteer worker, paid worker, practitioner, solicitor, or any other individual with the intent to deprive a vulnerable person of their resources. Relatives include adult children and their spouses or partners, their offspring, and other extended family members. Children and living relatives who have a history of substance abuse or have had other life troubles are of particular concern. For example, Hybrid Financial Exploitation abusive individuals are more likely to be a relative, chronically unemployed, and dependent on the elderly person. Additionally, past studies have estimated that between 16 percent and 38 percent of all elder abusers have a history of mental illness. Elder abuse perpetrated by individuals with mental illnesses can be decreased by lessening the level of dependency that persons with serious mental illness have on family members. This can be done by funneling more resources into housing assistance programs, intensive care management services, and better welfare benefits for individuals with serious mental illness. People with substance abuse and mental health disorders typically have very small social networks, and this confinement contributes to the overall occurrence of elder abuse.
Perpetrators of elder abuse can include anyone in a position of trust, control or authority over the individual. Family relationships, neighbors and friends, are all socially considered relationships of trust, whether or not the older adult actually thinks of the people as "trustworthy." Some perpetrators may "groom" an older person in order to establish a relationship of trust. Older people living alone who have no adult children living nearby are particularly vulnerable to "grooming" by neighbors and friends who would hope to gain control of their estates.
The majority of abusers are relatives, typically the older adult's spouse/partner or sons and daughters, although the type of abuse differs according to the relationship. In some situations the abuse is "domestic violence grown old," a situation in which the abusive behavior of a spouse or partner continues into old age. In some situations, an older couple may be attempting to care and support each other and failing, in the absence of external support. In the case of sons and daughters, it tends to be that of financial abuse, justified by a belief that it is nothing more than the "advance inheritance" of property, valuables, and money.
Though corporate abusers, such as brokerage firms and bank trust companies have been considered too regulated to be able to abuse the elderly, cases of such abuse have been reported. Such corporate abuse might escape notice both because they have more aptitude at methods of abuse that can go undetected and because they are protected by attorneys and the government in ways that individuals are not.
Within paid care environments, abuse can occur for a variety of reasons. Some abuse is the willful act of cruelty inflicted by a single individual upon an older person. In fact, a case study in Canada suggests that the high elder abuse statistics are from repeat offenders who, like in other forms of abuse, practice elder abuse for the schadenfreude associated with the act. More commonly, institutional abuses or neglect may reflect lack of knowledge, lack of training, lack of support, or insufficient resourcing. Institutional abuse may be the consequence of common practices or processes that are part of running of a care institution or service. Sometimes this type of abuse is referred to as "poor practice," although this term reflects the motive of the perpetrator rather than the impact upon the older person.
Elder abuse is not a direct parallel to child maltreatment, as perpetrators of elder abuse do not have the same legal protection of rights as parents of children do. For example, a court order is needed to remove a child from their home but not to remove a victim of elder abuse from theirs.