Duqqa
Duqqa, dukka, du'ah, do'a, or dukkah is an Egyptian and Middle Eastern condiment consisting of a mixture of herbs, nuts, and spices. It is typically used as a dip with bread or fresh vegetables for an hors d'œuvre.
Pre-made versions of duqqa can be bought in the spice markets of Cairo, where they are sold in paper cones, with the simplest version being crushed mint, salt, and pepper. The packaged variety that is found in markets is composed of parched wheat flour mixed with cumin and caraway. In the Hejaz region, it has been part of the regional cuisine for decades.
Etymology
The word is derived from the Arabic for 'to pound' since the mixture of spices and nuts is pounded together after being dry-roasted to a texture that is neither powdered nor paste-like.
History
In 1895, author Socrates Spiro described duqqa as "ground spices eaten with bread " in his Egyptian Arabic to English dictionary.
Ingredients
The actual composition of the spice mix can vary among families and vendors, though there are common ingredients such as sesame, coriander, cumin, salt and black pepper. Reference to a 19th-century text lists marjoram, mint, za'atar and chickpeas as further ingredients that can be used in the mixture. A report from 1978 indicates that even further ingredients can be used, such as nigella, millet flour and dried cheese. Some modern variants include pine nuts, pumpkin seeds or sunflower seeds. Gazan duqqa typically contains dill seeds and chile flakes, both common ingredients in that region.