Doublethink
Doublethink is a process of indoctrination in which subjects are expected to simultaneously accept two conflicting beliefs as truth, often at odds with their own memory or sense of reality. George Orwell coined the term doublethink as part of the fictional language of Newspeak in his 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Role in ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''
According to Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, doublethink is:Within the totalitarian regime of Oceania, doublethink is a necessary strategy in maintaining the ruling Party's absolute power over the population. The Inner Party member O'Brien explains: "The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake." In order to ensure that the Party remains infallible and the inaccuracies of its changing Party line are ignored, a system of contradictions is used to hide these inconsistencies and disguise the Party's true motive of absolute power. Three widely accepted examples of doublethink in Oceania are the repeated contradictory slogans: "WAR IS PEACE; FREEDOM IS SLAVERY; IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH."
Theo Finigan described doublethink as an aspect of the Party's efforts to erase memory and control history. The principle party slogan of Ingsoc is "Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past". Doublethink requires the "continual alteration of the past", the erasure of memory as a form of reality control in which the individual must perform surveillance and discipline of the self.
Critical response
Doublethink was described by Carl Freedman as a satiric and abstract concept. He commented that although Orwell illustrates how the concept operates, he does not explain why it can be mentally performed. The process serves the needs of the Party by fabricating information but requires the human brain to accept two different ideas at the same time and without a logical conclusion. It also requires the brain to perform the act of doublethink without even acknowledging it. He concluded that the concept needed a social or psychological basis, such as the concept of mauvaise foi by Jean-Paul Sartre, the idea of self-contradiction in the bourgeoisie in acknowledging the exploitation of workers.Mike Martin argued that doublethink is Orwell's expression of self-deception, meaning the human mind's unwillingness to confront uncomfortable truths for reasons of shame, guilt or to reject responsibility. He noted the resemblance between Orwell's description and Sartre's expression of self-deception in Being and Nothingness, a book published six years before Nineteen Eighty-Four. Martin considered the purpose of the Party's influence over the population using doublethink is to prevent the rise of alternative ideologies while also controlling individuals in order to involve them in their own loss of freedom and rational thought.