Fatty acid desaturase
Fatty acid desaturases are a family of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. For the common fatty acids of the C18 variety, desaturases convert stearic acid into oleic acid. Other desaturases convert oleic acid into linoleic acid, which is the precursor to alpha-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and eicosatrienoic acid.
Two subgroups of desaturases are recognized:
- Delta - indicating that the double bond is created at a fixed position from the carboxyl end of a fatty acid chain. For example, Δ9-desaturase creates a double bond between the ninth and tenth carbon atom from the carboxyl end.
- Omega - indicating the double bond is created at a fixed position from the methyl end of a fatty acid chain. For instance, ω3 desaturase creates a double bond between the third and fourth carbon atom from the methyl end. In other words, it creates an omega-3 fatty acid.
In the biosynthesis of essential fatty acids, an elongase alternates with various desaturases repeatedly inserts an ethyl group, then forms a double bond.
Mechanism and function
Desaturases have diiron active sites reminiscent of methane monooxygenase. These enzymes are O2-dependent, consistent with their function as either hydroxylation or oxidative dehydrogenation.Desaturases produce unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids help maintain structure and function of membranes. Highly unsaturated fatty acids are incorporated into phospholipids and participate in cell signaling.
Unsaturated fatty acids and their derived fats increase the fluidity of membranes.
Role in human metabolism
Fatty acid desaturase appear in all organisms: for example, bacteria, fungus, plants, animals and humans. Four desaturases occur in humans: Δ9-desaturase, Δ6-desaturase, Δ5-desaturase, and Δ4-desaturase.Δ9-desaturase, also known as stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, is used to synthesize oleic acid, a monounsaturated, ubiquitous component of all cells in the human body, and the major fatty acid in mammalian adipose triglycerides, and also used for phospholipid and cholesteryl ester synthesis. Δ9-desaturase produces oleic acid by desaturating stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid either synthesized in the body from palmitic acid or ingested directly.
Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases are required for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids such as eicosopentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ; arachidonic acid and adrenic acid. This is a multi-stage process requiring successive actions by elongase and desaturase enzymes. The genes coding for Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase production have been located on human chromosome 11.
Synthesis of LC-PUFAs in humans and many other eukaryotes starts with:
By a Δ17-desaturase, gamma-linolenic acid can be further converted to stearidonic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid to eicosatetraenoic acid and arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively.
- Fatty acids with at least 20 carbons and three double bonds bind to CB1 receptors.
- Arachidonic acid is also the catalyst to the formation of the two main endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.
Vertebrates are unable to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids because they do not have the necessary fatty acid desaturases to "convert oleic acid into linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid ". Linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid are essential for human health and development, and should therefore be consumed by diets, like 15 ml of hemp seed oil, or/and 33 gram of hemp seed protein a day, can provide all the protein, essential fatty acids, and dietary fiber necessary for human survival for one day, as their absence has been found responsible for the development of a wide range of diseases such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, inflammatory processes, viral infections, certain types of cancer and autoimmune disorders.
Human fatty acid desaturases include: DEGS1; DEGS2; FADS1; FADS2; FADS3; FADS6; SCD4; SCD5
Classification
Δ-desaturases are represented by two distinct families which do not seem to be evolutionarily related.Family 1 includes Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 .
Family 2 is composed of:
- Bacterial fatty acid desaturases.
- Plant stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein desaturase, an enzyme that catalyzes the introduction of a double bond at the delta-9 position of steraoyl-ACP to produce oleoyl-ACP. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids in the synthesis of vegetable oils.
- Cyanobacterial DesA, an enzyme that can introduce a second cis double bond at the delta-12 position of fatty acid bound to membrane glycerolipids. This enzyme is involved in chilling tolerance; the phase transition temperature of lipids of cellular membranes being dependent on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids of the membrane lipids.
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases
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