Copiapó


Copiapó is a city and commune in northern Chile, located about 65 kilometers east of the coastal town of Caldera. Founded on 8 December 1744, it is the capital of Copiapó Province and Atacama Region.
Copiapó lies about 800 km north of Santiago by the Copiapó River, in the valley of the same name. In the early 21st century, the river has dried up in response to climate change and more severe droughts. The town is surrounded by the Atacama Desert and receives 12 mm of rain per year. The population of Copiapó was 9,128 in 1903; and 11,617 in 1907. As of 2024, there are 168,831 inhabitants.
Copiapó is in a rich silver and copper mining district, and while it attends large-scale mining operations further afar it is the central town of surrounding medium-scale mining mining district. A bronze statue commemorates Juan Godoy, discoverer of the Chañarcillo silver mines in the 19th century. The Copiapó-Caldera railway line, built in 1850, was the first one in South America. The first section between Caldera and Monte Amargo was inaugurated on 4 July 1850 in honor of the United States Independence Day, as American businessman William Wheelwright was responsible for the project. The original wooden railway station is now a National Monument.

History

Spanish explorers founded the settlement in 1742 and named it San Francisco de la Selva de Copiapó or Saint Francis of the Jungle of Copiapó, due to its lush vegetation. Prior to Spanish occupation, the area was inhabited by the Diaguita people under the rule of the Inca Empire into the 16th century. Remains of Diaguita fortresses have been found in this area. The earliest archaeological remains of human activity in the Copiapó Valley are thought to be around 10,000 years old. The settlement developed around the remains of an Inca cemetery.
After the discovery of the rich silver deposits near Chañarcillo by Juan Godoy in 1832 it became an important mining centre, and until Chile annexed Antofagasta from Bolivia and Iquique and Arica from Peru following the War of the Pacific, Copiapó was the nation's northernmost city and main mining city.
An earthquake on 4 December 1918 caused extensive damage throughout the city.
Through the 20th century, the city of Copiapó grew markedly, both from the mining industry and its role as capital of its department.
On 5 August 2010, the San José Copper Mine collapsed, trapping 33 miners underground. The mine was about north of the city. The miners were deep and from the mine's entrance via spiraling underground ramps. Private, local, national and international resources cooperated in their rescue. The miners survived underground for 69 days until all were brought to the surface on 13 October 2010, a record period of time. This mine has been closed, but the industry of copper and gold mining is very important in the region.

Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Copiapó had 129,091 inhabitants. Of these, 125,983 lived in urban areas and 3,108 in rural areas. The population grew by 27.9% between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
According to the same census, the religious affiliation in Copiapó, is the following:
Copiapó has a desert climate with mild temperatures year round. Winters are mild with cool temperatures during the day, with a July maximum of and cool to cold temperatures during the night, averaging. The cold Humboldt Current offshore leads to cool summer temperatures for being inland on its low latitude, and contributes to the very low annual rainfall. Temperatures rarely fall below freezing. Most of the precipitation falls during this time of the year with June and July being the wettest months. While winters are normally dry, precipitation is highly variable. This was the case when June 1998 recorded of precipitation but generally, in most years, precipitation is rare. Summers are warm with a January average of and precipitation is virtually non-existent. Temperatures can occasionally exceed any time of the year. The average annual precipitation is, though this is highly variable, with some years recording no precipitation, as occurred in 1970, 1978, 1990, 1992-1993, and in 1998.. There are 3.2 days with measurable precipitation. The record high was in August 1972 and the record low was in June 1975.

Economy

Copiapó has a diversified and potential economy, but mining is the largest economic activity. The Copiapó Basin has a great deal of copper ore, mined by companies such as Minera Candelaria, which extracts copper near Tierra Amarilla, a neighboring commune. This generates a need for transportation, light industry, and services. "Small mining" represents over 30% of the production. The copper obtained by pirquineros goes to the copper smelter at Paipote.
Agriculture is the second-largest source of income in this area. It consists largely of grape production, with olives, tomatoes, avocados and some citrus fruits also produced as commodity crops.
Industry: Copiapó has mainly light industry, and some medium industry such as the INACESA plant and Paipote copper refinery.
Energy: Many important solar plants were built in the Atacama Region, benefiting from the high amount of and constant solar radiation during the year. Solar photovoltaic energy production in 2016 reached more than 400 MW connected to the Central-North grid.
Commerce is growing in Copiapó, largely old and new, small and medium enterprises. Downtown Copiapó activity reflects the growth of the city. Some local enterprises have grown rapidly in the last decade, such as the Albasini and Don Álvaro chain-stores. The national government's free-market policies, along with a higher demand and better economic expectations, have encouraged the establishment here of such national businesses as the supermarkets Deca, Jumbo, and Lider.
Tourism in Copiapó has been developing since the early 21st century. Some come to see the desert and indigenous monuments, such as the Inca cemetery in the city, which was investigated in the 1930s. In addition, a new casino has attracted both domestic and foreign tourists, and hotels have invested in new amenities and structures to satisfy demand.

International relations

The city of Copiapó is home to a number of international relations institutions, such as the Regional Unit for International Affairs of the Regional Government of Atacama, responsible for analyzing and managing the region’s bilateral and multilateral relations with Latin America and the rest of the world; the regional office of the National Migration Service; the regional office of the General Directorate for Export Promotion ; the Department of Migration and International Police of the Investigations Police of Chile; and the Migrant Office of the Municipality of Copiapó.
In the field of higher education internationalization, the main actor in Copiapó is the Internationalization Unit of the University of Atacama.

Consulates

  • Attractions

  • Copiapó steam locomotive, year 1850. University of Atacama,
  • Mineralogic Museum,
  • Plaza de Armas,
  • Regional Museum of the Matta Family,
  • Wooden Railway Station,
  • the San José Copper Mine ;
  • Totoralillo, Totoral and the zone of "Travesía" on the coast, wherein after rain, the "Desierto Florido" appears;
  • In the Andes, the Ojos del Salado volcano, and the lakes Green and Negro Francisco,
  • Tres Cruces National Park in the Andes.

    Administration

Municipal government

As a commune, Copiapó is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-2016 alcalde is Maglio Cicardini. The council has the following members:
  • Magaly Milla Montaño
  • Luis Orrego Salinas
  • Rosa Ahumada Campusano
  • José Bernardino Fernández Quevedo
  • Omar Luz Hidalgo
  • Anelice Véliz Kratzschmar
  • Mario Enrique Bordoli Vergara
  • Juan Carlos Mellibovsky Leiva

    Recent municipal politics

Since the return to democracy in 1990, there have been six mayoral elections held in Copiapó.
In 1992, Mónica Calcutta won the election against 24 candidates. Her term was characterized by public expenditures on green areas, parks, and street paving, and public infrastructure such as the new building of the City Hall, the Estadio Techado, and the Technological School. During her term, Calcutta encouraged people to participate. One of these activities was the "Train of History" carried out in 1994 and 1995.
Despite all these expenditures, the City Hall ended up with no debt for 1996.
In 1996, Calcutta ran for the re-election, but was defeated by the socialist candidate Marcos López by a narrow margin of 146 votes. López's term differed substantially from Calcutta's; his first three years as mayor did not see any important public expenditures in visible things. They came out the year before the following election.
The 2000 election was a very confrontational one. López and Calcutta ran for election together with 10 other candidates. In spite of surveys that showed a virtual tie between them, López won the election with an overwhelming 50.07% of the votes to his rival's 31.52%.
López's second term in office was characterized by high public expenditures, part of it from the Central Government to improve Chilean infrastructure toward the bicentennial of Independence. These expenditures went towards redesigning the Central Square, Matta Avenue and the City Chamber.
In 2004, Marcos López was elected to another term, defeating the rightist candidate René Aedo with 50.01% to 40.82% of the votes.
In 2008, López ran for a fourth term, but was defeated by the independent candidate Maglio Cicardini Neyra, by a margin of less than 1% of the votes.
In 2012, López ran once again, but lost against Cicardini, who won the election with more than 50% of the votes.
In 2016, Cicardini lost against Marcos López.