Urukagina

Uru-ka-gina, Uru-inim-gina, Eri-enim-ge-na, or Iri-ka-gina ruled in the 24th century BC as King of the city-states of Lagash and Girsu in Mesopotamia, and was the last ruler of the 1st Dynasty of Lagash. He assumed the kingship, claiming to be divinely appointed, following the reign of his predecessor Lugalanda. It is generally thought that Lugalanda lived on for 4 or 5 years after the ascension of Urukagina with the title "ensi-gal". The wife of Urukagina was named Sagsag, and a statue of her in the temple of Baba in Lagash was still being venerated centuries later in the
Ur III dynasty. When Baranamtarra, the wife of
Lugalanda, died in the 2nd year of Urukagina's reign, Sagsag was responsible
for the funeral and repeated memorial rites. The
funeral included "177 slave-girls, 92 lamentation singers, and 48 ‘wives of elders ’, who participated on two consecutive days at the ‘place of mourning’ ".
In the later half of his reign, Lagash fought wars against its traditional rival city of Umma, under the rule of Lugal-Zage-Si. In the end, Lagash was destroyed and Urukagina retreated to rule at Girsu. The destruction of Lagash was described in a later lament: "the men of Umma... committed a sin against Ningirsu.... Offence there was none in Urukagina, king of Girsu, but as for Lugal-Zage-Si, governor of Umma, may his goddess Nisaba make him carry his sin upon his neck". Lugal-Zage-Si himself was soon defeated and his kingdom was annexed by Sargon of Akkad.

History

It is known that Urukagina was part of the Lagash structure before
assuming rulership based on several text from the reign of his predecessor.
In those texts his title, under the name Uru-ka, is ugula-uku₃, a high military commander. It has been suggested that his father's name was Ur-Utu. Engilsa has also been proposed but this has been refuted. Urukagina had a son named Šubur-^dBa-ba₆. Based on
textual sources, it is thought that Urukagina had another son and also two daughters,
named Game₂-^dBa-ba₆ andGeme₂-tar-sir₂-sir₂.
In what is generally considered the first year of his reign, he had the title of
ensi. In a text following the 4th and 5th year of his predecessor
as ruler Lugalanda.
It is generally assumed that Lugalanda died very late in his 6th year or very early in his 7th year. In this early period, there was no term for a partial regnal year. In succeeding years, Urukagina took the title of lugal. Lugalanda appears to have had no male offspring. He is known to have had one brother, Ur-silasirsir, generally thought to have died in the first regnal year of Urukagina. The manner of
Urukagina coming to rulership has been long debated. Earlier it was thought that he took
power by overthrowing the prior administration. There is no indication of that and
Urukagina regularly made offerings to the spirits of Lugalanda and his family including
wife Barag-namtara, his father En-entarzi, his grandfather Dudu, and brother Ur-silasirsir and paid respects to MesanDU, who was the personal god of Lugalanda’s family.
Urukagina conducted a wide ranging civic and religious building program constructing a number
of temples and other cultic sites.
as well as infrastructure projects "He built of the Nimin-DU canal. He built it for him out of 432,000 fired bricks and 1,820 standard gur of bitumen".
The cites of Umma and Lagash had long been in conflict. Somewhere about the midpoint of the
reign of Urukagina, Umma entered an expansionist phase and its ruler, Lugalzagesi, had
himself declared King of all Sumer by the priests of Enlil in Nippur.
After attempts at diplomacy a long war began with neither side gaining an upper hand.
Finally, Lugalzagesi, prevailed apparently by changing to a strategy of destroying
holy sites.
Towards the end of his 10 or 11 year reign Lagash, particularly its religious sites, was attacked and devastated by Lugalzagesi, ruler of Umma. Urukagina then changed his title to King of Girsu.
A movement in population at the time to Girsu, 25 kilometers to the north, is reflected in the archaeology.
There has long been speculation that Urukagina is mentioned on the Manishtushu Obelisk four times as "Iri-ka-gina, son of Englisa, ensi of Lagash". Manishtushu is generally considered to be the 3rd ruler of the Akkad though one recension of the Sumerian King List
has him as the 2nd, after Sargon of Akkad. The
chronology of the period is uncertain and it is unclear how much overlap there was between the
timeline of northern and southern Mesopotamia so this cannot be ruled out. It has been suggested that Urukagina allied himself with the northerner Sargon and later his sons against Lugal-Zage-Si.

The Sin of Lugalzagesi

A 10.2 cm by 9.9 cm by 2.3 cm clay tablet found at Girsu lists the outrages against the religious establishments of Lagash towards the end of the war by Lugal-Zage-Si. It has been considered a City Lament but lacks many of that types features. The text has been called by many names including
"The Sin of Lugalzagesi" and "The Destruction of Lagash" and "Urukagina Lament" and "The Fall of Lagash" and also "Ukg 16".
The majority of the text is a list of the cultic sites despoiled:
followed by an indictment of Lugalzagesi:

Reforms

There is no solid evidence for a single "reform of Urukagina" or "law code of Urukagina". Rather there are short lists
of claims embedded in inscriptions on three rescensions which have differing though related text:
The main version has Urukagina as "king of Lagash" dating it to the first two thirds
of his reign. Also, it is dated, based on references in the text, to the 2nd year of Urukagina at the latest. Purchased on the antiquities market and thought to come from Girsu.

AO 3278 - clay foundation cone with a height of 28.2 cm and a base diameter of 16.5 cm
AO 3149 - clay foundation code with a height of 27 cm and a base diameter of 14.2 cm
Crozer Theological Seminary no. 5 - a fragment containing only a few lines.

The second version has Urukagina as "King of Girsu" so dates to the later part of
his reign. Also, building activities are limited to Girsu, Tiras and Antasur, the
later two locations known to have been near to Girsu.

Clay cone and jar fragments, found at Tell H at Girsu.

The third is a damaged clay plaque found at Girsu.
Unfortunately, many of the entries in these texts are obscure and difficult to read and interpret which has resulted in a number of different translations for them being extant.

Example of one change in the Reforms

Before - When a corpse was brought to the grave, the undertaker took his seven jugs of beer, his 420 loaves of bread, 2 gur of azi-grain, one woolen garment, one lead goat, and one bed. The wailing women took one ul of barley. When a man was brought at the “reeds of Enki,” the undertaker took his seven jugs of beer, his 420 loaves of bread, of barley, 2 ul of barley, one wool garment, one bed, and one chair. The old wailing women took one gur of barley.
After - When a corpse is brought for burial, the undertaker takes his 3 jugs of beer, his 80 loaves of bread, one bed, and one “leading goat” and the wailing women takes 3 ban of barley. When a man is brought for the “reed of Enki,” then the undertaker takes his 4 jugs of beer, his 420 loaves of bread, and one gur of barley, the wailing women take 3 ban of barley and the eres-dingir-priestess takes one lady’s headdress, and one sila of aromatic oil.

Some historians assert that the "reforms" of Urukagina were inspired or copied a previous reform that enacted by Entemena:
As Enmetena was the Lagash king who fough Ur-Lumma, and the details of the reform are written on the same plaque, historians, including Kim San-hae has claimed this.